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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>American Journal of PharmTech Research</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">AJPTR</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2249-3387</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>undefined</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJPTR025382</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sodium Alginate-Based Microspheres of Salbutamol Sulphate for Nasal Administration: Formulation and Evaluation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>⃰</surname>
            <given-names>Ragwa M. Farid1</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Etman</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>H.Nada</surname>
            <given-names>Aly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ebian</surname>
            <given-names>Abd-Elazeem A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt</aff>
      <aff id="aff3">Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait</aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2012-10-01">
        <month>10</month>
        <day>01</day>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <abstract>
        <p>Nasal delivery protects drugs like salbutamol sulphate (SS) from hepatic first-pass metabolism. The study aimed to formulate mucoadhesive sodium alginate (SA) microspheres loaded with (SS) by emulsion cross-linking, with mucoadhesive polymers, for potential nasal delivery by-passing first-pass metabolism. Relevant physichochemical properties, in vitro release and irritation in rabbits were investigated. Stirring rate and cross-linking time affected microsphere parameters. Microspheres were spherical in shape, discrete, with smooth and porous properties favorable for intranasal absorption with high drug-loading of 78.7 %. Mixed-polymers microspheres exhibited higher degree of swelling. Kinetic analysis of release data showed a case II release kinetics for alginate microspheres, and anomalous mechanism for other mixed-polymers formulae. Pronounced sustained drug release over 8 hours was exhibited upon incorporation of Carbopol® 934 and Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The formulated microspheres showed high swelling ability and good mucoadhesion, offering a good potential for future in vivo study to confirm safety and avoidance of first-pass metabolism.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Mucoadhesive microspheres</kwd>
        <kwd>nasal</kwd>
        <kwd>salbutamol sulphate</kwd>
        <kwd>sodium alginate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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