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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>American Journal of PharmTech Research</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">AJPTR</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2249-3387</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>undefined</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJPTR31041</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effect of Permeation Enhancer on the Diffusion of Carvedilol from the Buccal Adhesive Tablets</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sirisha</surname>
            <given-names>Y</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rao</surname>
            <given-names>T.Venkateswara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rao</surname>
            <given-names>A Srinivasa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hadi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohd Abdul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Bapatla college of pharmacy, Bapatla, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India.</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Bhaskar Pharmacy College (JB Group of Educational Institutions), Yenkapally (V), Moinabad (M), R.R.District, Hyderabad-500075, Andhra Pradesh, India.</aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2013-02-01">
        <month>02</month>
        <day>01</day>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <abstract>
        <p>Carvedilol is a non selective α and β receptor blocker which undergoes extensive hepatic first pass metabolism by liver and has poor oral bioavailability of 25% - 30%. In the present investigation Carvedilol was formulated as a bilayered buccal adhesive tablets in order to avoid the first-pass effect and decrease the drug loss using two different natural polymers and excipients. Six formulations were made using different concentrations (17%w/w, 35%w/w, 53%w/w) of Pectin and Guar gum. Formulation F5 was selected for further studies of permeability. Three concentrations of SLS (1%, 1.5% &amp; 2%w/w) was used to study the effect of permeation enhancer and improve the permeability of drug. The formulations were tested for % weight variation, hardness, Friability, % Drug content, in-vitro drug release, surface pH, Swelling index and Mucoadhesive strength. Mucoadhesive strength was determined by the modified balance method in grams and was found to be between 23.75±0.332gm to 60.89±0.134gm and Surface pH was found to be 7. In-vitro release studies revealed that as polymer concentration increases from 17% to 53%w/w, rate of drug release was retarded and the data was fitted into pharmacokinetic models. Among all other formulations, formulations (F5) containing 35%w/w Guar gum were found to be best as the release was retarded upto 8 hours and they have good mucoadhesive strength and they follow zero order with non-fickian diffusion mechanism. Formulation F9 (2%w/w SLS) shows more permeability of drug (34%) compared to other formulations.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Carvedilol</kwd>
        <kwd>Pectin</kwd>
        <kwd>Guar gum and Sodium lauryl sulphate(SLS).</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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