Current Issue
Volume 16, Issue 3 - 2026 (June 2026 Issue 3 )
Issue Details:
Volume 16 Issue 3 (June 2026 Issue 3)Issue Description:
Welcome to the 2026 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.
We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.
As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.
Dr H J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research
Articles in This Issue
Research Article
Background: Memory and cognitive decline represent hallmark manifestations of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative conditions. Current pharmacological management relies predominantly on synthetic cognitive enhancers and cholinesterase inhibitors, whose long-term administration raises concerns regarding tolerability, systemic toxicity, and patient adherence. Consequently, attention has shifted toward plant-derived therapies — particularly those rich in neuroprotective and antioxidant constituents — as more sustainable and well-tolerated options for maintaining brain health. Annona reticulata, a member of the Annonaceae family, has attracted scientific interest owing to its phytochemical complexity and historically documented medicinal applications. Objective: The present investigation aimed to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing potential of the hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Annona reticulata in a scopolamine-induced murine model of cholinergic cognitive impairment. Methods: A total of thirty-six male Wistar mice were randomly allocated into six experimental groups, each comprising six animals. Group I served as the vehicle-treated normal control, while Group II received the reference nootropic, piracetam (400 mg/kg, per oral), administered daily for six consecutive days. Cholinergic cognitive impairment was established in Group III through intraperitoneal administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg). Groups IV, V, and VI were co-administered scopolamine alongside graded doses of the hydroalcoholic fruit extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg orally, respectively. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated employing the Morris Water Maze paradigm over six days. Following behavioural assessment, hippocampal tissues were harvested and processed for histopathological examination. Data were statistically analysed using one-way and two-way ANOVA, and values were reported as mean ± SEM. Results: Hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Annona reticulata elicited a statistically significant and dose-related amelioration of spatial learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-challenged animals. Extract-treated groups exhibited progressive reductions in escape latency and augmented target quadrant occupancy across training days. At the highest tested dose (400 mg/kg), cognitive performance closely approached that observed in the piracetam reference group, underscoring the extract's potent nootropic efficacy. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings indicate that Annona reticulata fruit extract harbours appreciable cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective capabilities. The extract warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation to delineate its precise mode of action and validate its therapeutic applicability in cognitive dysfunction disorders.
Contributors:
Agni and Ahara Vidhi in Ayurveda: Bridging Gut Microbiome Science and Preventive Nutrition
The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, immune dysregulation, and lifestyle-related illnesses has intensified global interest in preventive nutrition and gut microbiome research. Ayurveda, the traditional system of Indian medicine, emphasizes the concepts of Agni (digestive and metabolic fire) and Ahara Vidhi (dietary rules and eating practices) as the foundation of health and disease prevention. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe Agni as the central factor governing digestion, absorption, assimilation, tissue nourishment, immunity, and longevity. Disturbance of Agni leads to the formation of Ama (metabolic toxins), which is considered the root cause of many diseases. Similarly, Ahara Vidhi outlines systematic principles regarding food quality, quantity, combinations, timing, environment, and eating behaviour to maintain physiological balance. Recent advances in gut microbiome science reveal that dietary habits profoundly influence microbial diversity, intestinal permeability, immune modulation, metabolic homeostasis, and neuro-gastrointestinal interactions. Emerging evidence suggests significant conceptual parallels between Ayurvedic understanding of gut health and modern microbiota centered nutrition. Practices such as mindful eating, individualized diet planning, seasonal dietary adaptation, and proper food combinations demonstrate potential relevance in maintaining microbial balance and preventing chronic inflammatory disorders. This review aims to critically explore the correlation between Ayurvedic principles of Agni and Ahara Vidhi with current concepts of gut microbiome science and preventive nutrition. The article highlights the integrative potential of Ayurveda in developing personalized, sustainable, and preventive dietary strategies for modern healthcare systems.
Contributors:
Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) Based Analytical Method Development and Validation for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: A Comprehensive Review
Liquid chromatography forms the backbone of quality evaluation, regulatory compliance, and safety profiling in the pharmaceutical field. Out of the various available techniques, Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) is still the most widely used tool to identify and quantify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their final dosage forms. This review takes a close look at the basic principles of RP-HPLC and provides a clear, step-by-step guide to developing reliable analytical methods. We practically evaluate key variables that affect separation, such as picking the right stationary phase, choosing suitable mobile phases and buffers, adjusting pH, and selecting the best detection systems. Beyond basic method development, this paper also dives into stability-indicating assays (SIAs) and forced degradation studies. These stress tests are crucial for understanding how drugs break down when exposed to heat, light, acid, base, and oxidation over time. Furthermore, we outline the current method validation requirements dictated by the updated International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q2(R2) guidelines, breaking down parameters like specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, detection limits, and robustness. To bridge the gap between traditional practices and modern trends, this review also touches upon the growing shift toward Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) and Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). Ultimately, this article aims to serve as a practical and comprehensive guide for laboratory analysts and researchers working in drug formulation and quality control.
Contributors:
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR DETERMINATION OF LIDOCAINE USING RP-HPLC TECHNIQUES
The objective of this work was Analytical Method Development for Determination of Lidocaine Using HPLC methods which are simple, accurate, precise, specific, sensitive, reproducible and economical methods. Forced degradation is carried out to produce representative samples for developing stability-indicating methods for drug substances and drug products. Lidocaine works by inhibiting sodium ion channels in nerve membranes, which prevents the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses, producing local anesthesia. The result for subjected study was found to be Linearity rang (ug/ml) 20-100, Retention time 6.49/ml,% recovery 99%-101%,correlation coefficient (r²)0.9992, Intraday Precision (%RSD) 0.57, Interday Precision (%RSD)0.43. In summary, the study successfully developed and validated a simple, reliable, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the estimation of Lidocaine.
Contributors:
Autism spectrum disorder treated with homoeopathy
Autism is lifelong neurodevelopmental condition characterised by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted interests an repetitive behaviour
Contributors:
Carvedilol Microspheres: A Review of Formulation Strategies, Polymer Applications, and Drug Release Engineering
Among the drugs used in long-term cardiovascular management, carvedilol occupies a special position owing to its combined non-selective beta-blockade and alpha-1 receptor antagonism. However, turning this pharmacological advantage into consistent clinical benefit is not straightforward. The molecule belongs to BCS Class II, meaning it crosses biological membranes readily but barely dissolves in physiological fluids. On top of that, extensive hepatic extraction during the first pass through the liver trims oral bioavailability to somewhere between 25 and 35 percent, and an elimination half-life of only 6 to 10 hours forces patients to take the drug multiple times a day. Together, these characteristics create the conditions for erratic plasma concentrations, missed doses, and avoidable side effects. Encapsulating carvedilol within polymer-matrix microspheres is a strategy with growing experimental support: the polymer network acts as a physical throttle on drug escape, stretching the release window well beyond what any immediate-release tablet can offer. This article brings together evidence published between 2016 and 2025 on how microsphere formulations of carvedilol are built, what polymers are chosen and why, how the finished particles are tested, and what the most informative recent studies have found. Across this body of work, entrapment efficiencies consistently exceed 75 percent when formulation conditions are properly optimised, and release profiles extending to 12 hours or beyond are regularly achieved. Floating, pH-sensitive, and mucoadhesive variants each address specific absorption or tolerability concerns, broadening the design toolbox available to formulators.
Contributors:
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently coexists with hypertension, substantially increasing the risk of cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, and progressive renal disease. Contemporary management of these comorbid conditions relies heavily on polypharmacy, with oral antidiabetic drugs and antihypertensive agents prescribed concomitantly for prolonged durations. Among antidiabetic therapies, the fixed-dose combination of glimepiride and metformin remains widely used because it addresses both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly recommended antihypertensive agents in patients with T2DM due to their established renoprotective and cardioprotective benefits. However, accumulating experimental and clinical evidence suggests that ARBs are not metabolically inert; instead, they may influence glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and the pharmacokinetic disposition of antidiabetic drugs. These effects raise clinically relevant concerns regarding potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions when ARBs are co-administered with glimepiride-metformin combinations. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated enhanced hypoglycemic responses when certain ARBs, such as losartan and telmisartan, are combined with glimepiride-metformin, possibly due to synergistic pharmacodynamic actions or alterations in drug metabolism and transport. Telmisartan, in particular, exhibits partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist activity, which may confer additional insulin-sensitizing effects. Clinical evidence, however, remains limited and inconsistent, with some studies suggesting modest improvements in glycemic control and others indicating an increased risk of hypoglycemia, especially in regimens containing sulfonylureas. Moreover, most available studies lack integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessments and fail to reflect chronic real-world combination therapy. This review critically synthesizes current preclinical and clinical evidence on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between glimepiride-metformin combinations and ARBs. It highlights existing knowledge gaps, underscores the clinical necessity for systematic and ARB specific evaluation, and proposes future research directions aimed at optimizing safety and therapeutic outcomes in patients with coexisting T2DM and hypertension.