American Journal of PharmTech Research

Mosquito-borne infections, such as malaria and dengue, are a profound cause of illness and death in many countries. Personal protection against mosquitoes using repellents could be a useful method to reduce or prevent transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. However, due to the objectionable side effects and toxicity associated with synthetic repellents, an urge for developing natural repellents has come forward. The peel of citrus fruits has been reported to have excellent mosquito repellent properties. Hence, we aimed to develop a non-toxic, stable, and consistent cream using the peel extract of Citrus Paradisi. The cream was prepared and characterized based on sensory evaluation and consistency in terms of texture, greasiness, consistency, and pH. The present study concluded that the formulated mosquito repellent cream using essential oil is natural, safe, effective, and usable for the skin to afford mosquito repellent action. This herbal cream offers a promising alternative to marketed synthetic products.

Because of their natural origin, superior biocompatibility, and inherent capacity to facilitate intercellular communication, exosome-based drug delivery systems have become a new and promising platform in nanomedicine. Extracellular vesicles [30 to 150 nm] called exosomes are released by almost every type of cell and can be found in a variety of bodily fluids, such as urine, saliva, and blood. They transport a complex cargo of lipids, proteins, and genetic elements like miRNA and mRNA transcripts, which are essential for controlling biological and disease-related processes. These biological vesicles have distinct benefits over manufactured nanoparticles, such as their high stability, minimal immunogenicity, effective cellular absorption, and capacity to pass through biological membranes that provide protection. Exosomes have drawn a lot of attention lately as natural carriers of therapeutic molecules, like as proteins, nucleic acids, and tiny medicines, for the treatment of diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disorders. Exosomes' targeting effectiveness and therapeutic potential have been improved by sophisticated methods in exosome extraction, purification, and engineering, including as surface modification and cargo loading. All things considered, exosome-based drug delivery systems offer a state-of-the-art, biocompatible, and adaptable approach to precise, targeted, and customized therapy in contemporary biomedical research. Current review focuses on types of exosomes, the biology and biogenesis of exosomes, isolation and characterization of exosomes.

Bilayer tablets represent an advanced oral dosage form enabling the combination of two distinct drug layers within a single unit, facilitating improved drug delivery, reduced dosing frequency, and enhanced patient compliance. Conventional manufacturing of bilayer tablets by compression faces significant challenges, including cross-contamination, layer delamination, and limited design flexibility. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a transformative technology in pharmaceutical manufacturing, offering unprecedented control over tablet geometry, drug loading, and release kinetics. This review comprehensively examines the application of 3D printing technologies, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Semi-Solid Extrusion (SSE) — for the fabrication of 3D printing bilayer tablets. Key topics addressed include: the operating principles and comparative advantages of each technique; polymers and excipients employed in 3D-printed bilayer formulations; clinical applications across tuberculosis management cardiovascular, pain management, and respiratory indications; and future perspectives including artificial intelligence-assisted formulation design and continuous manufacturing integration. 3D printing offers a compelling pathway toward personalized, on-demand pharmaceutical manufacturing of complex bilayer dosage forms.