Dwivedi S

Drug discovery is one of the most resource-intensive endeavours in modern science, requiring over 12 years and USD 2.6 billion on average to bring a single drug to market, with a clinical failure rate exceeding 90%. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is fundamentally transforming this process. This review examines how AI technologies — including machine learning, deep learning, graph neural networks, generative models, and natural language processing — are being applied across every stage of the drug discovery pipeline, with particular focus on drug repurposing. Key real-world case studies are analysed, including DeepMind’s AlphaFold2, which predicted over 200 million protein structures; Insilico Medicine’s AI-designed pulmonary fibrosis candidate developed in approximately 30 months; and BenevolentAI’s identification of baricitinib as an FDA-approved COVID-19 treatment. Advantages including accelerated timelines and improved molecular design are considered alongside persistent limitations in data quality, model interpretability, and regulatory frameworks. The review concludes with implications for pharmacy education and future directions including foundation models, multimodal AI, and quantum-enhanced simulation.

Melanin is the natural color in our skin is synthesized by melanocytes. The distribution pattern in the nearby keratinocytes and the nature of the formed melanin determine the actual color of our skin. Melanin form through the series of oxidative reaction involving the amino acid tyrosine in the presence of enzyme tyrosinase. Skin whitening agent after inhibit the activity of tyrosinase. The drawback of the quick effect was, the high cytotoxicity of hydroquinone and its huge irritation potential. So that’s why herbal medicines are currently in demand and their popularity is increasing day by day. The objective of this research is to formulate skin whitening formulation, which have ability to give whitening effect without any side effects using herbal products. Now a day’s hyperpigmentation is a major problem. As per previous literature survey it is reported that lycopene, Citric acid & Tocopherol shows significant result in skin whitening activity. It is reported that plants Tomato, Lemon & Cucumber (fruits) contain high amount of Lycopene, Citric acid & Tocopherol. So from above conclusion to hypothesize that this plants may have significant role in skin whitening.