Shashikant Sudarshan Upadhye

Because of their natural origin, superior biocompatibility, and inherent capacity to facilitate intercellular communication, exosome-based drug delivery systems have become a new and promising platform in nanomedicine. Extracellular vesicles [30 to 150 nm] called exosomes are released by almost every type of cell and can be found in a variety of bodily fluids, such as urine, saliva, and blood. They transport a complex cargo of lipids, proteins, and genetic elements like miRNA and mRNA transcripts, which are essential for controlling biological and disease-related processes. These biological vesicles have distinct benefits over manufactured nanoparticles, such as their high stability, minimal immunogenicity, effective cellular absorption, and capacity to pass through biological membranes that provide protection. Exosomes have drawn a lot of attention lately as natural carriers of therapeutic molecules, like as proteins, nucleic acids, and tiny medicines, for the treatment of diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disorders. Exosomes' targeting effectiveness and therapeutic potential have been improved by sophisticated methods in exosome extraction, purification, and engineering, including as surface modification and cargo loading. All things considered, exosome-based drug delivery systems offer a state-of-the-art, biocompatible, and adaptable approach to precise, targeted, and customized therapy in contemporary biomedical research. Current review focuses on types of exosomes, the biology and biogenesis of exosomes, isolation and characterization of exosomes.

The Improvement in the nanotechnology brings revolutionary changes & helps in preparing the novel formulations. The proniosomes are solid colloidal particles which may be hydrated immediately before use to yield the aqueous niosome dispersions similar to those that are produced by more cumbersome conventional methods. These proniosomes minimize the problems of niosome physical stability such as leaking, aggregation & fusion provide additional convenience in dosing, transportation, storage & distribution. The proniosomes overcome the disadvantages involved with liposomal & niosomal drug delivery systems. This review focuses on different aspects of proniosome such as components , types, preparation, evaluation & applications.

The oral route of drug delivery is most preferred route of drug delivery due to its various advantages like patient compliance, ease of administration. But it has some drawbacks like non site specificity. To overcome this drawback gastroretentive drug delivery system is used. To understand various physiological difficulties to achieve gastric retention, we have summarized important factors controlling gastric retention. This review also includes different approaches for Gastroretentive drug delivery system i.e. floating drug dosage systems, swelling or expanding systems, high density system, mucoadhesive systems, Magnetic systems, raft forming system, evaluation tests, advantages, disadvantages, future prospects, different marketed preparations.