editor@ajptr.com
9409046853
e-ISSN: 2249-3387
logo

American Journal of PharmTech Research

LoginTrack
Published

Research Article

Rajaputana Lakshmi Manisha
,
Dr. Meesala Gowthami
,
Dr. K Sumalatha
,
R Kiran Kumar Reddy
,
Poluri Sri Samanvitha Reddy
,
Ponugupati Kamala Sree
,
Poluri Tejashwini
,
Rajigani Ravi Kumar

Published in June 2026 Issue 3 (Vol. 16, Issue 3, 2026)

Research Article - Issue cover

Keywords

Annona reticulataNootropic activityCognitive impairmentScopolamineMorris water mazeNeuroprotection.

Abstract

Background: Memory and cognitive decline represent hallmark manifestations of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative conditions. Current pharmacological management relies predominantly on synthetic cognitive enhancers and cholinesterase inhibitors, whose long-term administration raises concerns regarding tolerability, systemic toxicity, and patient adherence. Consequently, attention has shifted toward plant-derived therapies — particularly those rich in neuroprotective and antioxidant constituents — as more sustainable and well-tolerated options for maintaining brain health. Annona reticulata, a member of the Annonaceae family, has attracted scientific interest owing to its phytochemical complexity and historically documented medicinal applications. Objective: The present investigation aimed to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing potential of the hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Annona reticulata in a scopolamine-induced murine model of cholinergic cognitive impairment. Methods: A total of thirty-six male Wistar mice were randomly allocated into six experimental groups, each comprising six animals. Group I served as the vehicle-treated normal control, while Group II received the reference nootropic, piracetam (400 mg/kg, per oral), administered daily for six consecutive days. Cholinergic cognitive impairment was established in Group III through intraperitoneal administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg). Groups IV, V, and VI were co-administered scopolamine alongside graded doses of the hydroalcoholic fruit extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg orally, respectively. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated employing the Morris Water Maze paradigm over six days. Following behavioural assessment, hippocampal tissues were harvested and processed for histopathological examination. Data were statistically analysed using one-way and two-way ANOVA, and values were reported as mean ± SEM. Results: Hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Annona reticulata elicited a statistically significant and dose-related amelioration of spatial learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-challenged animals. Extract-treated groups exhibited progressive reductions in escape latency and augmented target quadrant occupancy across training days. At the highest tested dose (400 mg/kg), cognitive performance closely approached that observed in the piracetam reference group, underscoring the extract's potent nootropic efficacy. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings indicate that Annona reticulata fruit extract harbours appreciable cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective capabilities. The extract warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation to delineate its precise mode of action and validate its therapeutic applicability in cognitive dysfunction disorders.

References

  1. [1]1. Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lippa AS et al. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science. 1982;217(4558):408-14. doi.org/10.1126/science.7046051
  2. [2]2. Bachu B, Karnam P, Sunitha D, Rajaputana LM, Muvvala S. Review on day by day wrapping Dementia. World J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2023; 13(1): 293-304.
  3. [3]3. Terry AV, Buccafusco JJ et al. The cholinergic hypothesis of age and Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficits: recent challenges and their implications for novel drug development. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003;306(3):821-7. doi.org/10.1124/jpet.102.041616
  4. [4]4. Klinkenberg I, Blokland A et al. The validity of scopolamine as a pharmacological model for cognitive impairment: a review of animal behavioral studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010;34(8):1307-50. doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.001
  5. [5]5. Winblad B et al. Piracetam: a review of pharmacological properties and clinical uses. CNS Drug Reviews. 2005;11(2):169-82. doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00268.x
  6. [6]6. Howes MJ, Perry NS, Houghton PJ et al. Plants with traditional uses and activities relevant to the management of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(1):1-18. doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1280
  7. [7]7. Sultana R, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA et al. Oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease: role of oxidative stress and antioxidants. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2013;33(S1):S243-51. doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-129001
  8. [8]8. Rajaputana LM, Bachu B, Rajola MK Goud, Sabitha S, Sudhakar M. Screening of CNS stimulant activity of ethanolic fruit extract of Piper longum Linn in rats. TIJER Int J. 2023; 10(9): a862-869.
  9. [9]9. Badrie N, Schauss AG et al. Annona species: phytochemistry and biological activity. Food Research International. 2010;43(5):1256-67. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.11.010
  10. [10]10. Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Murthy PS, Chandra R, Tandon V, Watal G et al. Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Annona reticulata. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;99(1):75-81. doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.055
  11. [11]11. Manisha RL, Mustala P, Bachu B, Padhy S, Muvvala S. Cassia auriculata: a comprehensive review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential. World J Pharmaceut Med Res. 2025; 11(11): 13-17.
  12. [12]12. Morris R et al. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 1984;11(1):47-60. doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(84)90007-4
  13. [13]13. Manisha RL, Shaik R, Bellamkonda S, Shaik N, Rao BV, Kumar JV, et al. Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of flower extracts of Tagetes erecta Linn (Asteraceae) in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2013; 3(12): 075-082.
  14. [14]14. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M et al. Biological effects of essential oils: a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008;46(2):446-75. doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106
  15. [15]15. Rajaputana LM, Sai Divya M, Bachu B, Muvvala S. Nephroprotective activity of hydroalcoholic aerial plant extract of Amaranthus roxburghianus Nevski in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. World J Pharm Med Res. 2025; 11(3): 101-110.
  16. [16]16. Bancroft JD, Gamble M et al. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 6th ed. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2008; 121-134.
  17. [17]17. Motulsky HJ et al. Intuitive Biostatistics: A Nonmathematical Guide to Statistical Thinking. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. 2014; 85-102.
  18. [18]18. OECD. OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 423: Acute Oral Toxicity — Acute Toxic Class Method. OECD Publishing. 2001. doi.org/10.1787/9789264071001-en
  19. [19]19. Shaik R, Manisha RL, Sayana SB, Pal R. Hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Allium cepa Linn. (Liliaceae) in rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012; 3(9): 3189-3195.
  20. [20]20. Bachu B, Rajaputana LM, Muvvala S. Antiparkinsonian activity of methanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes on paraquat-induced parkinsonism in rats. Int J Crea Res Thoughts. 2023; 11(9): e

Authors (8)

Rajaputana Lakshmi Manisha

Malla Reddy College of Pharmac...

View all publications →

Dr. Meesala Gowthami

Malla Reddy College of Pharmac...

View all publications →

Dr. K Sumalatha

Malla Reddy Institute of Medic...

View all publications →

R Kiran Kumar Reddy

Malla Reddy College of Pharmac...

View all publications →

Poluri Sri Samanvitha Reddy

Malla Reddy College of Pharmac...

View all publications →

Ponugupati Kamala Sree

Malla Reddy College of Pharmac...

View all publications →

Poluri Tejashwini

Malla Reddy College of Pharmac...

View all publications →

Rajigani Ravi Kumar

Malla Reddy College of Pharmac...

View all publications →

Download Article

PDF

Best for printing and citation

File size: 1.3 MB
Format: PDF

Download Article

PDF

Best for printing and citation

File size: 1.3 MB
Format: PDF

Article Information

Published in:

June 2026 Issue 3 (Vol. 16, Issue 3, 2026)

AJPTR3160007

AJPTR-02-002431

64-77

2026-06-05

Article Impact

Views:2,393
Downloads:710

How to Cite

Lakshmi, R., & Meesala, D. & K, D. & R Kiran Kumar Reddy & Poluri Sri Samanvitha Reddy & Kamala, P. & Tejashwini & Ravi, R. (2026). Research Article. American Journal of PharmTech Research, 16(3), 64-77. https://ajptr.com/articles/AJPTR3160007

Article Actions

Whatsapp