Payal

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory bowel disease with rising global incidence; current therapies (5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologics) are limited by incomplete response and adverse effects. Emerging evidence indicates that intestinal inflammation in UC is bi-directionally linked to the central nervous system through the gut brain axis, with neuroinflammation, altered neurotrophin signalling, and behavioural disturbance accompanying colonic disease activity. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae) seeds, a traditional Ayurvedic "Medhya Rasayana," possess documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, nervine, and gut motility modulating properties, making them a rational candidate for a dual gut brain therapeutic strategy in UC. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanolic Celastrus paniculatus seed extract (CPSE) in vitro, and it’s ameliorative and gut brain axis modulatory effects in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced murine model of UC in vivo. Methods: CPSE was screened phytochemically and evaluated in vitro using DPPH radical scavenging, protein denaturation inhibition, and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cytokine assays. Colitis was induced in Wistar rats using 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 days; animals were allocated to normal control, DSS control, DSS + sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg), DSS + CPSE (200 mg/kg), and DSS + CPSE (400 mg/kg) groups (n = 6/group) and treated orally for 14 days. Disease Activity Index (DAI), colon length, colonic histopathology, tissue cytokines/oxidative stress markers, and gut brain axis biomarkers (serum serotonin, hippocampal BDNF, serum corticosterone) with anxiety like behaviour (elevated plus maze, forced swim test) were assessed. Results: CPSE exhibited dose dependent free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. In vivo, CPSE (400 mg/kg) attenuated body weight loss, reduced DAI and colon shortening, normalized colonic TNF-α/IL-6/IL-10 balance, and improved gut brain axis parameters (elevated hippocampal BDNF, normalized serotonin and corticosterone, improved anxiety like behaviour) relative to DSS controls, approaching the reference drug sulfasalazine. Conclusion: These findings support the hypothesis that CPSE ameliorates experimental colitis while concurrently modulating gut brain axis mediators, warranting further mechanistic and translational investigation of Celastrus paniculatus as an adjunct or complementary therapeutic in UC associated neurobehavioral comorbidity

Since, the last four decades, the concept of mucoadhesion has achieved a much valuable interest in the various fields of pharmaceutics. There are many advantages of mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system that made this a novel drug delivery system for the local as well as systemic delivery of various drugs. The main advantage of this drug delivery system is that it prolongs the residence time of the dosage form at the site of application. Due to the high blood supply and relatively high permeability of the buccal mucosa, the buccal cavity is the best option for both local as well as systemic delivery of various drugs. The main prospect of writing this review article is to present comprehensive information related to mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. The article has highlighted all the aspects of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems which will be helpful for researches and academics. The article includes detailed information about mucosa- the anatomy and physiology, the mechanisms and theories related to mucoadhesion, evaluation parameters of mucoadhesive dosage forms, mucoadhesive polymers and novel approaches related to mucoadhesive drug delivery system. Drug actions can be improved by new drug delivery system, such as mucoadhesive system. This system remains in close contact with the absorption tissue, the mucous membrane, releasing the drug at the action site leading to improvement in both local and systemic effects. The potential merits and demerits of mucoadhesive drug delivery as well as that of the polymers are also discussed. It helps enhance the bioavailability through bypassing the first-pass metabolism effect. The mucosal surface better absorption and prolong resident time. Bioadhesion can be defined as the phenomenon of interfacial molecular attractive force in midst of the surface of the biological substrate and the natural or synthetic polymers, which allows the polymers to adhere to the biological surface for an extended period of time.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection, which is the dominant cause of death all over the world. It is the chronic infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus. It is regarded as oldest disease. Tuberculosis is the infection occurs by inhaling the droplet nuclei containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms by susceptible person. New methods have been evolved in diagnosing, treatment and prevention. The disease remains as an important public health problem in developing countries. Extra pulmonary TB became more common with the advent of infection with human immunodeficiency virus and by the increase in the number of organ transplantation, which also leads to immunosuppression of thousand of persons. Urogenital TB represents 27% of extrapulmonary cases. Renal involvement in TB can be part of a disseminated infection or a localized genitourinary disease. Renal involvement by TB infection is underdiagnosed in most health care centers. Most patients with renal TB have sterile pyuria, which can be accompanied by microscopic hematuria. The diagnosis of urinary tract TB is based on the finding of pyuria in the absence of common bacterial infection. The first choice drugs include isoniazide, rifampicin, pirazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Awareness of renal TB is urgently needed by physicians for suspecting this disease in patients with unexplained urinary tract abnormalities, mainly in those with any immunosuppression and those coming from TB-endemic areas.

A simple, accurate, precise and sensitive RP- HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Gatifloxacin and Flurbiprofen Sodium in their pharmaceutical formulation. Chromatographic separation  was carried out on InertsilODS – 3 column (250 mm ×4.6 mm, 5µm ) as stationary phase by using mobile phase consisting of 0.02 M Phosphate buffer (pH 3.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid ) : Methanol (80 : 20 v/v). The flow rate was 1.5 ml/min with UV-detection at 245 nm. The retention time was found to be 2.59 min for Gatifloxacin and 5.41min for Flurbiprofen Sodium. The method was validated for various parameters according to ICH guideline. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship in the concentration range of 30 – 90 µg/ml and 3 – 9 µg/ml and correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9988 and 0.9992 for Gatifloxacin and Flurbiprofen Sodium respectively. The Limit of Detection for Gatifloxacin and Flurbiprofen Sodium were 1.45 and 0.028 respectively. The Limit of Quantification for Gatifloxacin and Flurbiprofen Sodium were 4.39 and 0.28 respectively.

A new simple, rapid, precise, accurate and specific stability indicating method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Niacin (NIA) and Lovastatin (LOVA) in tablet dosage form. A chromatographic column used for separation was (250*4.6mm i.d., 5 mm) C18 (Hyperchrome ODS-BP).The mobile phase was 0.02M Disodium hydrogen Phosphate buffer:Acetonitrile (75:25, pH-5) and UV detection of effluent at 237nm.The flow rate was 1ml/min. The retention times of Niacin and Lovastatin were 3.29 min and 4.75 min, respectively. The range of Linearity for Niacin and Lovastatin were 125-325μg/ml and 5-25 μg/ml respectively. The recoveries of Niacin and Lovastatin were found to be in the range of 99.91-100.42 % and 100.03-100.41% respectively. The optimized RP-HPLC method proved to be specific, accurate and robust for the estimation of Niacin and Lovastatin in tablet dosage form. Stability testing study includes the acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal degradation, and photolysis.

Artemether-lumefantrine (ART-LUME) off late has become the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in many Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and America. Vigorous monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy of this treatment is needed. This requires high-quality studies following standard protocols; ideally, such studies should incorporate measurement of drug levels in human plasma in biological matrices. A specific and reliable isocratic mode RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of artemether (ART) in combination with lumefantrine (LUME) in human plasma using diode array detector (DAD) at 238 nm. The analyte was separated on NUCLEOSIC-CN Cyano coloumn (150 mm × 4.6 mm, particle size 5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and acidic buffer (adjusted to pH 2.5 with H3PO4 ­– 2 %) in the ratio of 37: 63 v/v and flow rate was 1 ml/min. The method is linear over a range of 100-1600 µg/ml (r2 ≥ 0.999) and 1-16µg/ml (r2 ≥0.998) for the assay of ART and LUME respectively. Itraconazole (ITZ) (10µg/ml) was used as internal standard. The retention times of ART and LUME was found to be 4.3 min and 14.3 respectively. Mean extraction recovery for ART and LUME were 87.3 % and 89.1 %, respectively. Inter and intraday coefficients of variation for ART and LUME were ≤ 10%. The lower limits of quantification for ART and LUME were 0.22 and 0.66 μg/ml, respectively. The results of the study showed that the proposed RP-HPLC validated method described is efficient and has the necessary accuracy and precision for the rapid quantitative simultaneous determination of ART and LUME in human plasma and is thus highly suitable for use in pharmacokinetic /bioavailability/bioequivalence studies in healthy human subjects.

Several five membered aromatic systems having three heteroatoms at symmetrical positions such as thiadiazoles have been studied extensively owing to their interesting pharmacological activities.  Compounds containing thiadiazole moiety possess interesting biological activity due to strong aromaticity of this ring system that leads to great in vivo stability and lack toxicity. Thiadiazoles are an important class of heterocyclic compounds that exhibit diverse applications in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical and biological applications that exhibits a wide variety of biological activities like antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activity, antitubercular activity, antidiabetic activity, diuretics, antidepressant & cytotoxic activity. Modification of the thiadiazole ring has proven highly effective with improved potency and lesser toxicity. The present review highlights the recently synthesized thiadiazole possessing important biological activities.

  Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver toxicity. Our aim was to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extracts of Cassia tora seed with a view to explore its use for the treatment of hepatotoxicity in human. These extracts were used to study the hepatoprotective effect in paracetamol induced hepatotoxic model. In aqueous and methanol extracts treated groups there was statistical significant decrease in the levels of serum bilirubin, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transminase (SGPT) and serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) as compared to the hepatotoxic group. In the histopathological study the hepatotoxic group showed hepatocytic necrosis and inflammation in the centrilobular region with portal triaditis. Aqueous and methanol extracts treated groups showed minimal inflammation with moderate portal triaditis and their lobular architecture was normal. It can be concluded that the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Cassia tora seed were not able to revert completely hepatic injury induced by paracetamol, but it could limit the effect of these drug in liver. The effects of extracts were comparable with standard drug silymarin. Keywords: Hepatoprotective, cassia tora seed, paracetamol.

  The whole-plant, Pergularia daemia (Family: Asclepediaceae), extract (50% alcohol) was investigated for phytochemical, physico-chemical parameters and its anti-inflammatory activity. Preliminary organic analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid and phenolic compounds in the extract. Physiochemical studies revealed that total ash is 13.62%, acid insoluble ash is 1%, alcohol soluble extractive value is 17.6%, water soluble extractive value is 30.4% and loss on drying at 105°C is 10.6%.  The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema (acute inflammation) and chronic models like; cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan air pouch granuloma. Oral administration of the extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models (p < 0.01) of inflammation. In conclusion, present investigation established specific identities that will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug and pharmacological evidences to support the folklore claim that P. daemia is used as anti-inflammatory agent.   Key words: Pergularia daemia, physicochemical, carrageenan, cotton-pallet