Flavonoids.

Peptic ulcer disease remains a pressing health issue worldwide, most often linked to Helicobacter pylori infection and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While conventional therapies such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), cytoprotective agents, and antibiotics have transformed patient care by reducing acid secretion and eradicating infection, they are not without drawbacks. Rising antibiotic resistance, drug-related side effects, and recurrence of ulcers continue to challenge clinicians and patients alike. In recent years, herbal medicine has gained attention as a complementary or alternative approach. Plant-derived compounds rich in flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids offer anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antisecretory effects, while also strengthening the stomach’s natural defenses. Traditional remedies such as Anogeissus latifolia, Alchornea castaneaefolia, Decalepis salicifolia, Solanum nigrum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Asparagus racemosus, and Curcuma longa have shown promising results in experimental models, not only reducing ulcer formation but also accelerating healing. This review brings together evidence on both synthetic and herbal strategies, comparing their mechanisms, effectiveness, safety, and cost considerations. While PPIs and antibiotic regimens remain indispensable for H. pylori eradication and NSAID-induced ulcer prevention, herbal therapeutics stand out for their lower side-effect profile and potential to provide long-term mucosal protection. Looking ahead, integrated treatment approaches that combine modern pharmacology with traditional phytomedicine may offer the most balanced and sustainable path for managing peptic ulcer disease.

Clitora ternatea is a disease resistant plant used in ethno-pharmacological preparations for its high therapeutic value of primary and secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the amount of quercetin in plant parts of Clitoria ternatea and its antifungal activity on dermatophytes. To obtain chemical pattern of flavonoids and quercetin in different plant parts, the extraction solvent was standardized and a finger printing profile of flavonoid was established by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The greatest amount of flavonoid was observed in methanolic extracts of C.ternatea flowers while the lowest level was found in the C.ternatea stem extracts, whereas HPLC fingerprinting of flavonoids in flowers was significantly different from stem and leaf extracts. These extracts also differ in their fungicidal capacity against dermatophytes tested, although they all showed significant antifungal activity against Candida sp.. and Aspergillus sp.. flower extracts showed concentration dependent strong inhibition on growth of Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum, and weak inhibition on Trichophyton metagraphytes. The results of this study will be used to promote application of C.ternatea for improving human health by providing antidermatophytic effect on skin infections.