oleic acid

The study aimed to formulate, optimize and characterize ornidazole NLCs using glyceryl monostearate (GMS), oleic acid and Tween 80 and to incorporate the optimized dispersion into a topical gel. NLCs were prepared by hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication. A three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design comprising 17 runs was used to investigate GMS concentration, Tween 80 concentration and homogenization time. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug content and in vitro drug release were evaluated. FTIR and SEM were used for physicochemical and morphological characterization. The NLC dispersion was incorporated into a Carbopol 934-based gel and evaluated for pH, spreadability, viscosity and stability. The optimized formulation (F13) had a particle size of 222.8 nm, PDI 0.289, zeta potential −26.7 mV, entrapment efficiency 83.6% and drug content 91.0%. The optimized formulation showed sustained drug release, with 82.3% cumulative drug release reported at 12 h in the response-optimization section. The optimized gel showed pH 5.73 ± 0.03, spreadability 6.28 ± 0.21 g·cm/s and viscosity 5080 ± 78 cP. FTIR analysis showed retention of characteristic ornidazole peaks without major drug–excipient interaction. The optimized formulation remained physically stable during the reported 60-day study. The study demonstrates the feasibility of developing an ornidazole-loaded NLC topical gel using a Box–Behnken design. The optimized formulation exhibited nanoscale particle size, acceptable PDI, measurable negative zeta potential, good entrapment and sustained drug release, supporting further investigation as a topical delivery system.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors treat chronic myeloid leukemia but have many negative effects. These BCS Class II or IV medicines have low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility, permeability, or both. As P-glycoprotein substrates and hepatic presystemic metabolism inactivators, these medicines have another drawback. The present work sought to overcome the limitations of tyrosine kinase inhibitor bosutinib. A transdermal system with the medication put into a SMEDDS was created. The investigation began with solubility and emulsification studies to choose the proper oil (oleic acid), surfactant (Tween 20), and cosurfactant (Transcutol® P). The microemulsion zone was identified using ternary phase diagrams. The resultant SMEDDS exhibited a narrow polydispersity index and a droplet size of 45.66 ± 2.4 nm. The formulation's zeta potential prevented aggregation during storage, as shown by thermodynamic stability investigations under physical and thermal stress. Dispersibility and dilution experiments showed that the formulation formed the microemulsion instantly in vivo. BOS-loaded liquid SMEDDS was gelled with 2% HPMC K15M to make G-SNEDDS. The liquid SMEDDS and G-SMEDDS had similar properties. In vitro dissolution showed that near to 100% drug release could be achieved in 30 mins, compared to 5–6% for the simple medication. The formulation's in vitro permeability testing employing an artificial membrane demonstrated a 2.18-fold increase in drug penetration compared to the basic drug suspension.