Exploring the Botanical Origins, Traditional Uses, and Extraction Methods of Cannabidiol: Role in Pain, Inflammation, Anxiety, Depression, and Neurological Health
Published in October 2026 Issue 5 (Vol. 16, Issue 5, 2026)
Abstract
References
- [1]Peng J, Fan M, An C, Ni F, Huang W, Luo J. A narrative review of molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022;130(4):439–56.
- [2]Galaj E, Xi ZX. Possible receptor mechanisms underlying cannabidiol effects on addictive-like behaviors in experimental animals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021;22(1):1–14.
- [3]Assadpour E, Rezaei A, Das SS, Krishna Rao BV, Singh SK, Kharazmi MS, et al. Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanocarriers and Their Therapeutic Applications. Pharmaceuticals 2023;16(4):1–26.
- [4]Chandra S, Lata H, ElSohly MA. L . - Botany and Biotechnology. 2017.
- [5]Qamar S, Manrique YJ, Parekh HS, Falconer JR. Development and optimization of supercritical fluid extraction setup leading to quantification of 11 cannabinoids derived from medicinal cannabis. Biology 2021;10(6):1–20.
- [6]Olejar KJ, Kinney CA. Evaluation of thermo-chemical conversion temperatures of cannabinoid acids in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass by pressurized liquid extraction. Journal of Cannabis Research 2021;3(1).
- [7]Moreno T, Dyer P, Tallon S. Cannabinoid Decarboxylation: A Comparative Kinetic Study. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2020;59(46):20307–15.
- [8]Marzorati S, Friscione D, Picchi E, Verotta L. Cannabidiol from inflorescences of Cannabis sativa L.: Green extraction and purification processes. Industrial Crops and Products 2020;155(April).
- [9]Attard TM, Bainier C, Reinaud M, Lanot A, McQueen-Mason SJ, Hunt AJ. Utilisation of supercritical fluids for the effective extraction of waxes and Cannabidiol (CBD) from hemp wastes. Industrial Crops and Products 2018;112(July 2016):38–46.
- [10]Cassano T, Villani R, Pace L, Carbone A, Bukke VN, Orkisz S, et al. From Cannabis sativa to Cannabidiol: Promising Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020;11(March):1–10.
- [11]Sawler J, Stout JM, Gardner KM, Hudson D, Vidmar J, Butler L, et al. The genetic structure of marijuana and hemp. PLoS ONE 2015;10(8):1–9.
- [12]Ren G, Zhang X, Li Y, Ridout K, Serrano-Serrano ML, Yang Y, et al. Large-scale whole-genome resequencing unravels the domestication history of Cannabis sativa. Science Advances 2021;7(29):1–12.
- [13]Zhang Q, Chen X, Guo H, Trindade LM, Salentijn EMJ, Guo R, et al. Latitudinal adaptation and genetic insights into the origins of cannabis sativa L. Frontiers in Plant Science 2018;871(December):1–13.
- [14]Hanuš LO, Meyer SM, Muñoz E, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Appendino G. Phytocannabinoids: A unified critical inventory. 2016.
- [15]Napiroon T, Tanruean K, Poolprasert P, Bacher M, Balslev H, Poopath M, et al. Cannabinoids from inflorescences fractions of trema orientalis (l.) blume (cannabaceae) against human pathogenic bacteria. PeerJ 2021;9:1–15.
- [16]Cushing D, Kristipati S, Shastri R, Joseph B. Measuring the bioactivity of phytocannabinoid cannabidiol from cannabis sources, and a novel non - cannabis source. Journal of Medical Phyto Research 2018;1:10–25.
- [17]Balant M, Gras A, Ruz M, Vallès J, Vitales D, Garnatje T. Traditional uses of Cannabis: An analysis of the CANNUSE database. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2021;279.
- [18]Jin D, Dai K, Xie Z, Chen J. Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Cannabis Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Barks, and Roots for Medicinal Purposes. Scientific Reports 2020;10(1):1–14.
- [19]Strand N, D’souza RS, Karri J, Kalia H, Weisbein J, Kassa BJ, et al. Medical Cannabis: A Review from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience. Journal of Pain Research 2023;16(November):4217–28.
- [20]Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, Marsh E, Miller I, Nabbout R, et al. Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2017;376(21):2011–20.
- [21]Blessing EM, Steenkamp MM, Manzanares J, Marmar CR. Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2015;12(4):825–36.
- [22]Shah ND, Parian AM, Mullin GE, Limketkai BN. Oral Diets and Nutrition Support for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What is the Evidence? Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2015;30(4):462–73.
- [23]Müller-Vahl KR. Treatment of Tourette Syndrome with cannabis-based medicine. Nervenheilkunde 2020;39(5):314–9.
- [24]Tomida I, Perlwee RG, Azuara-Blanco A. Cannabinoids and glaucoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2004;88(5):708–13.
- [25]Lotan I, Treves TA, Roditi Y, Djaldetti R. Cannabis (Medical Marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of parkinson disease: An open-label observational study. Clinical Neuropharmacology 2014;37(2):41–4.
- [26]Amtmann D, Weydt P, Johnson KL, Jensen MP, Carter GT. Survey of cannabis use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine 2004;21(2):95–104.
- [27]Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, Jubb RW, McCabe CS. Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2006;45(1):50–2.
- [28]Fiz J, Durán M, Capellà D, Carbonell J, Farré M. Cannabis use in patients with Fibromyalgia: Effect on symptoms relief and health-related quality of life. PLoS ONE 2011;6(4):3–7.
- [29]Rhyne DN, Anderson SL, Gedde M, Borgelt LM. Effects of Medical Marijuana on Migraine Headache Frequency in an Adult Population. Pharmacotherapy 2016;36(5):505–10.
- [30]Consroe P, Sandyk R, Snider SR. Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders. International Journal of Neuroscience 1986;30(4):277–82.
- [31]Boyaji S, Merkow J, Elman RNM, Kaye AD, Yong RJ, Urman RD. The Role of Cannabidiol (CBD) in Chronic Pain Management: An Assessment of Current Evidence. Current Pain and Headache Reports 2020;24(2):2–7.
- [32]Argueta DA, Ventura CM, Kiven S, Sagi V, Gupta K. A Balanced Approach for Cannabidiol Use in Chronic Pain. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020;11(April):1–7.
- [33]García-Gutiérrez MS, Navarrete F, Gasparyan A, Austrich-Olivares A, Sala F, Manzanares J. Cannabidiol: A potential new alternative for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and psychotic disorders. Biomolecules 2020;10(11):1–34.
- [34]Paykel ES. Basic concepts of depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2008;10(3):279–89.
- [35]Solowij N, Broyd SJ, Beale C, Prick JA, Greenwood LM, Van Hell H, et al. Therapeutic Effects of Prolonged Cannabidiol Treatment on Psychological Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Regular Cannabis Users: A Pragmatic Open-Label Clinical Trial. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 2018;3(1):21–34.
- [36]Dini G, Tulli E, Dell’Isola GB, Mencaroni E, Di Cara G, Striano P, et al. Improving Therapy of Pharmacoresistant Epilepsies: The Role of Fenfluramine. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022;13(May):1–7.
- [37]Abu-Sawwa R, Scutt B, Park Y. Emerging use of epidiolex (Cannabidiol) in epilepsy. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2020;25(6):485–99.
- [38]Leehey MA, Liu Y, Hart F, Epstein C, Cook M, Sillau S, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Cannabidiol in Parkinson Disease: An Open Label, Dose-Escalation Study. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 2020;5(4):326–36.
- [39]Chayasirisobhon S. The Role of Cannabidiol in Neurological Disorders. Permanente Journal 2021;25(2):1–6.
- [40]Fiani B, Sarhadi KJ, Soula M, Zafar A, Quadri SA. Current application of cannabidiol (CBD) in the management and treatment of neurological disorders. Neurological Sciences 2020;41(11):3085–98.
- [41]Luz-Veiga M, Azevedo-Silva J, Fernandes JC. Beyond Pain Relief: A Review on Cannabidiol Potential in Medical Therapies. Pharmaceuticals 2023;16(2):26–8.
- [42]Atalay S, Jarocka-karpowicz I, Skrzydlewskas E. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol. Antioxidants 2020;9(1):1–20.
- [43]Tran VN, Strnad O, Šuman J, Veverková T, Sukupová A, Cejnar P, et al. Cannabidiol nanoemulsion for eye treatment – Anti-inflammatory, wound healing activity and its bioavailability using in vitro human corneal substitute. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2023;643(June).
- [44]Peyravian N, Deo S, Daunert S, Jimenez JJ. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Acne. Journal of Inflammation Research 2022;15(March):2795–801.
- [45]Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Abbate A, Toldo S. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol. Molecules 2023;28(16):1–24.
Authors (5)
Gayatri Khosla
Galgotia College of Pharmacy, ...Galgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P.,...Galgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P., 201310, IndiaGalgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P., 201310, India
View all publications →Vikram Sharma
Galgotia College of Pharmacy, ...Galgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P.,...Galgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P., 201310, IndiaGalgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P., 201310, India
View all publications →Neeraj Kumar
Department of Pharmacognosy & ...Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Scho...Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical...Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia...
View all publications →Rama Tyagi
Galgotia College of Pharmacy, ...Galgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P.,...Galgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P., 201310, IndiaGalgotia College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P., 201310, India
View all publications →Nadeem Ahmad Siddique
Department of Pharmaceutical C...Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of...Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Universit...Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafar Al-Batin, Hafr Al-B...
View all publications →Download Article
Summarise this paper with AI:
Article Information
Published in:
October 2026 Issue 5 (Vol. 16, Issue 5, 2026)Article Impact
How to Cite
Khosla, G., Sharma, V., Kumar, N., Tyagi, R., & Ahmad Siddique, N. (2026). Exploring the Botanical Origins, Traditional Uses, and Extraction Methods of Cannabidiol: Role in Pain, Inflammation, Anxiety, Depression, and Neurological Health. American Journal of PharmTech Research, 16(5), 66-87. https://ajptr.com/articles/AJPTR5160005
