Karnataka

  The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antimicrobial activity of various extracts of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn. In the current study, the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extract of stem bark of B. variegata L. was tested against standard bacterial and fungal cultures. The test was performed by agar well diffusion method on nutrient agar media and Sabouraud’s dextrose media for bacterial and fungal cultures respectively. Among the solvent extracts, ethanolic extract was effective against all the tested bacteria and fungi. Ethanolic extract exhibited maximum inhibitory activity against Klebsiella. And the least activity was observed for Staphylococus aureus. For fungi ethanolic extract was more effective against Aspergillus fumigates. Key words: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Bauhinia variegata L.

  The study was aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Desmodium oojeinense(Roxb.) in experimental rats. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing method, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model. Various doses of ethanolic extract of the plant (100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight) were tested for its analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory activity and the results were compared with the standard drug aspirin and diclofenac sodium respectively. Results indicate that the ethanolic extract of the plant significantly inhibited writhing movements in analgesic activity and carrageenan induced hind paw oedema in anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. The results suggest that there exists a potential benefit in utilizing Desmodium oojeinense(Roxb.) in treating conditions associated with pain and inflammation. Key Words: Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.), analgesic, anti-inflammatory, carrageenan.

  The objective of the present study was to prepare and evaluate gastroretentive effervescent floating drug delivery system containing Zidovudine as a model drug. Zidovudine is the first approved compound for the treatment of AIDS; however the main limitation to therapeutic effectiveness of zidovudine is its dose-dependent toxicity, short biological half-life and poor bioavailability. Zidovudine gastroretentive effervescent floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were incorporated as gas-generating agents. Drug compatibility with excipients was checked by DSC and FTIR studies revealed that, there was no incompatibility of the drug with the excipients used. The results of in-vitro buoyancy time and lag time study, the values of in-vitro buoyancy time ranges from 180 to 870 min where as floating lag time ranges from 2.11 to 51.36 min. The formulations prepared with carbopol have longer floating lag times. The formulation GREFT-6 shows the lag time 2.11 min and buoyancy time 870 min. The release of Zidovudine from all the formulations ranges from 45.05 - 64.96 % drug released at the end of 6 hrs. The formulations GREFT-1 and GREFT-2 shows 90 % of drug release within 10 hrs. The formulations GREFT-3 to GREFT-7 shows drug release ranges from 86.17 - 96.65 % at the end of 12 hrs. The results were revealed that as the concentration of carbopol increases, there is decrease in the drug release and floating time has been increased. The formulation GREFT-6 containing Carbopol 934P 100 mg showed the controlled drug release when compare to other formulations. The stability study conducted as per the ICH guidelines and the formulations were found to be stable. From the above studies, it has been observed that effervescent based floating drug delivery system is a promising approach to achieve controlled release behavior. Key wards: Zidovudine, HPMC K4M, carbopol, floating tablets, effervescent.

  Liver plays a major role in detoxification. Any injury to it or impairment of its function may lead to many implications on one’s health. Management of liver diseases is still a challenge to modern medicine. The allopathic medicine has little to offer for the alleviation of hepatic ailments whereas the most important representatives are of phytoconstituents. The work presented in this paper is on plant mentioned as Kayakarpam plants in published as well as unpublished palm leaf literatures. The study was aimed to evaluation of the hepatoprotective activity of the whole plant Sida cordata on the Chang cell line (normal human liver cells). The ethanolic extract was tested for its inhibitory effect on chang cell Line. The percentage viability of the cell line was carried out. The cytotoxicity of Sida cordata on normal human liver cell was evaluated by the SRB assay [Sulphorhodamine B assay] and MTT assay [(3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazole –2 yl)-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay]. The principle involved is the cleavage of tetrazolium salt MTT into a blue coloured derivative by living cells which contains mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase However, the information available on the pharmacological activity of the plant is very limited. Hence, it was proposed to carry out a preliminary in vitro analysis of the hepato protective activity of the plant, which gave promising results.

  A simple, specific, accurate and precise First order derivative UV Spectrophptometry method was developed and validated for the estimation of Efavirenz in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The stock solution was prepared by weighing 100 mg of standard EFV in 100 ml volumetric flask with methanol and water (50:50) (Stock solution I). The final stock solution was made to produce 100µg/ml with methanol and water (50:50).Further dilutions were prepared as per procedure. The first derivative amplitude at 238.50 nm was selected for the assay. The linearity was found in the concentration range of 3-18 µg/ml. The Correlation coefficient was 0.999. The regression equation was found to be y = 0.038 x - 0.001. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and ruggedness. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for estimation of EFV was found to be 0.078µg/ml and 0.236 µg/ml, respectively. Recovery of EFV was found to be in the range of 99.08-99.97 %. Proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of EFV in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. These methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of EFV in capsule formulations. This method was successfully applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form and there no interference of capsule excipients was found in recovery study. Key words: Efavirenz (EFV), ICH (International Conference on Harmonization), and UV- Spectrophotometric method.

  A simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method was developed in ultraviolet region for the estimation of Glibenclamide in pure drug, pharmaceutical formulation. Linear response obtained was in the concentration range of 5-30µg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.999 in acetronitrile: 0.2M NaOH (20:80). Excellent recovery proved that the method was sufficiently accurate. There is no interference from any common pharmaceutical additives and diluents. Results of the analysis were validated by recovery studies according to ICH Q2B guidelines. Key words: Glibenclamide, UV- Spectrophotometry, recovery, accuracy.

  A series of thiophene and aryl substituted compounds 1a-f; 2a-b and 3a-c were synthesized by Erlenmeyer azolactone synthesis. These compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity method in vitro. Among the tested compounds 3c showed significant activity and some of the other compounds showed promising activity. The structure of new compounds synthesized during present investigation have been authentically established by their IR,1H NMR and Mass spectra and some QSAR studies. Key words: Thiophene; antimicrobial; antibacterial; antifungal.

  Drug development technologies constituting innovations at the formulation end in the pharmaceutical industry has received a lot of attention in past two decades. Drug delivery as an opportunity to extend product life cycles has indeed proved its place in the market with significant advantages of therapeutic gains as well as commercial success. Carrier technology offers an intelligent approach for drug delivery by coupling the drug to a carrier particle such as microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, etc. which modulates the release and absorption characteristics of the drug. Mucoadhesion is a topic of current interest in the design of drug delivery systems. Mucoadhesive microspheres exhibit a prolonged residence time at the site of application or absorption and facilitate an intimate contact with the underlying absorption surface and thus contribute to improved and/or better therapeutic performance of drugs. Hence, uptake and consequently bioavailability of the drug is increased and frequency of dosing reduced with the result that patient compliance is improved. In recent years such Mucoadhesive microspheres have been developed for oral, buccal, nasal, ocular, rectal and vaginal for either systemic or local effects. This review article aims to provide various aspects of mucoadhesion, theories of mucoadhesion and the polymers which will shows the excellent mucoadhesive properties. It also contains a number of available methods of preparation of microspheres and its evaluation including in vitro-wash off test for to determine the mucoadhesive property of prepared microspheres.

  Technological attempts have been made in the research and development of rate-controlled oral drug delivery systems to overcome physiological adversities, such as short gastric residence times (GRT) and unpredictable gastric emptying times (GET). It is known that differences in gastric physiology, such as, gastric pH, and motility exhibit both intra-as well as inter-subject variability demonstrating significant impact on gastric retention time and drug delivery behavior. This triggered the attention towards formulation of stomach specific (gastro retentive) dosage forms. This dosage forms will be very much useful to deliver ‘narrow absorption window’ drugs. Several approaches are currently utilized in the prolongation of the GRT, including floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), swelling and expanding systems, polymeric bioadhesive systems, high-density systems, modified-shape systems and other delayed gastric emptying devices. In this review, current & recent developments of Stomach Specific FDDS are discussed. Key words: floating drug delivery system, hydrodynamically balanced system, effervescent, non-effervescent, gastric residence time.

  First and second order derivative UV-Spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for the estimation of Iloperidone in bulk and its tablet formulations. The solutions of standard and sample were prepared in methanol. The Iloperidone solution was showed the maximum absorbance at 262nm and 248nm for the first and second order UV-Spectrophotometric methods respectively. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 4- 12 μg / ml with r2 value 0.999 for both the methods. These methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The precision expressed as relative standard deviation and was found within the range of 0.13 % to 1.7 % for the both methods. Limit of detection was 0.0133 μg/ml (first order), 0.0216 μg/ml (second order) and  limit of quantification was found to be 0.0403 μg/ml (first order), 0.0657 μg/ml (second order). Recovery of Iloperidone was found to be within the range of 99.51 – 100.16 % for the two methods. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of Iloperidone in tablet formulations. In addition, the proposed methods are simple, easy to apply, low cost, and requires relatively inexpensive instruments.