Karnataka

The conventional drug delivery systems provide an immediate release of the drug in which the release of the drug cannot be managed and the effective concentration at the target site cannot be sustained for a longer time. This form of dosage pattern can lead to plasma concentration fluctuation. Osmotic systems are the most effective strategy-based drug delivery control system. They work on the osmotic pressure principle to control the drug's delivery. The release of the drug is largely independent of the GIT's physiological factors. Such processes use osmosis as the main driving force for the release of drugs. For the osmotic drug delivery system, adequate water solubility of the drug is necessary. Osmotic drug delivery systems are composed of a drug core that is osmotically active and surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane. Numerous formulation factors such as osmotic pressure of the core component(s), solubility and size of the delivery orifice, and the nature of semi-permeable membrane influence drug(s) release from osmotic systems. This review offers a brief description of components, ideal drug characteristics, types of osmotically regulated pump and its mechanism, advantages, disadvantages.

Elevated bioavailability is an advantage for most of the poorly soluble drugs. The present scenario of research investigation is concentrated on different techniques to alter the solubility characteristics of weakly soluble drugs and crystallization phenomenon is one amongst them. The low solubility problem can be solved by changing the crystal habit of drug. So, in the present research an attempt has been made to modify the solubility characteristics of Nifedipine, an anti-hypertensive drug, using solvent change method, Solvent evaporation technique and solvent change precipitation technique. Among them solvent change method gave a better formulation (NIF-MC-6) showing better dissolution (91.36% at the end of 240mins) as compared to pure drug and micro-crystals formulated using other methods. The formulated crystals of Nifedipine were subjected to various physico-chemical parameters like size distribution, solubility studies, in-vitro dissolution studies, drug content, FT- IR, DSC, crystallographic studies by PXRD and crystal morphology by SEM studies. The micro-crystals produced with PVPK30 and chloroform. FT-IR Results showed that there was no chemical interaction between the drug, solvent and the stabilizer. PXRD of micro-crystals showed higher peak height than pure drug indicating that crystal habit modification occurred in the micro-crystals without any polymeric changes and were found to be smaller in size than pure drug and free from any interactions. SEM studies indicated that the crystals are present in rectangular and square shape. The DSC curve showed that Nifedipine appeared an endothermic peak at about 1740C corresponding to its melting. However, the crystals prepared with PVP K30 shows shift of endothermic peak towards lower temperature at 170.820C respectively, dictating decreased melting point of the drug in the formed crystals, which accounted for increased solubility of the drugs.

A fluconazole o/w microemulsion was developed for topical application using isopropyl myristate as the oil phase. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed for the determination of existence region of micro emulsion region using the surfactant (tween 80 & Cremophor RH-40) and co-surfactant (ethanol). Different formulations were prepared for the evaluation of oil content, surfactant/co-surfactant concentration on in-vitro permeation rates. In-vitro transdermal permeability of flucanazole from the micro emulsions was evaluated using Keshary Chien diffusion cells mounted with 0.45µ with cellulose acetate membrane. The amount of drug (Fluconazole) permeated was analyzed by HPLC.

Both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis plays a significant role in promising the safety and therapeutic efficacy of drugs in variety dosage forms. A bioanalytical method is a set of procedures involved in the collection, processing, storage, and analysis of a biological matrix for a chemical compound. Bioanalytical studies are employed to obtain a quantitative measure of the drug or its metabolites for the study of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetic, bioequivalence and exposure-response like pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic studies. Leukotriene receptor antagonists are widely used for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in different dosage forms. Drugs of this class are Zafirlukast, Montelukast and Pranlukast which are being potent drugs and are more than 99% bound to plasma proteins presenting special challenges in the development and validation of analytical methods from a variety of matrices. The main objective of this review is discussion on various analytical methods used, different solvents used as mobile phase and their retention times to understand final optimized chromatographic method which could be useful for the assessment of Pharmacokinetic parameters. Among different analytical methods, HPLC, LC-MS, UV-Visible spectroscopy and spectroflourimetric techniques are the most widely preferred techniques applied by the researchers worldwide. This review article gives information about various types of extraction procedures of the drug in plasma matrices to create an optimized method for method development and to offer practical approaches for determining validation parameters like specificity, selectivity, recovery, lower limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), linearity, range, accuracy, precision, stability, ruggedness and robustness of High performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC)  to support pharmacokinetic studies. Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for quantitation of drugs and their metabolites are very important for the successful conduct of preclinical and clinical pharmacology studies..

In the recent year colonic drug delivery has gained importance for delivery of drug for the treatment of local diseases associated with colon and systemic delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Treatment could be more effective if it is possible for drug to be directly delivered to colon. During the last decade there are new developments in site-specific formulations for targeting drug to the colon. Colon has proved to be a site for the absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Micro carriers as colon drug delivery System has gained importance for the delivery of the drug in the colon because of their increase biocompatibility, controlled release of drug and higher stability. This review is discusses in brief about introduction to colon, Micro Carrier as colon drug delivery system. Oral delivery is still the most favorable route of drug administration, especially for chronic therapies where repeated administration of drug is required. Oral administration offers less pain, good patient convenience and reduced risk of cross infection and needle stick injuries.

To evaluate the physicochemical parameter. Anti-Helminthic  activity, Anti-Fungal activity and Anti-bacterial activity by various extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol) against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria (E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) using a standard as Amoxicillin, Anti-Fungal activity (Candida Albicans, Aspergillus) using Ketoconazole and Anti-Helminthic  activity using a standard as Albendazole. The collected leaves of Rubus Ursinus were dried under shade for 10 days and then powdered into coarse particles in a mechanical grinder for further use, Extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol. Antihelmentic activity was evaluated on adult Pheritima Posthuma. Earthworms by subjecting to standard drug albendazole at a dose level of 10mg/ml and to the extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol at doses of 10mg/ml, 20mg/ml,25mg/ml 30mg/ml and 35mg/ml respectively. Anti-Fungal activity and Anti-bacterial activity was also performed against different bacteria by using disc diffusion method, the zones of inhibition of the extracts using standard as Amoxicillin and Ketoconazole  were determined. The powder leaves of Rubus Ursinus plant was subjected to extraction with four solvents petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol. High yield was obtained by methanol extracts of Rubus Ursinus plants. The qualitative test for methanol extraction was given positive tests for alkaloids, proteins & aminoacids,Tannins,Glycosides,FlavonoidsSaponins,Carbohydrates,Steroids& terpenoids and Phenolic compounds The anti-helmintic study and anti- fungal study of BlackBerry leaves was observed by using the extract of  methyl alcohol. The anti-bacterial study of various BlackBerry leaves extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol)  were found to be effective against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The leave part of plant of RUBUS URSINUS was observed for the Pharmacognostic investigation and Potent Anti-helmentic activity and significant Anti-Microbial activity. . The purified components may have even more potency with respect to inhibition of microbes. Key Words: RUBUS URSINUS, Amoxicillin, Ketoconazole, Albendazole

Ruta graveolens is a delicate plant until it is called as herb of grace. It is easily wither if it is happen to be touched with impure hands. In India it is considered as one of the sacred  plants .It has special fragrance .The leaves are bitter in taste .In Tamil it is called as Aruvatham patchai, and it is called as sada pillai as per siddha system of medicine , in Malayalam it is called as aruthu means no(Number), In Sanskrit it is called as santhapa,[KR Raman]. This plant nowadays have been used commonly as an ornamental plants in houses and institutes and other public areas, the medicinal knowledge  behind this plant  are still lacking with  the people whose planting this plant, the answer is just they say for gardening. Even though   lot  of study  was already made on this plant which is mentioned in an different literature  and books .The aim of this study is to bring out  some of the important traditional uses  and also to promote this plant for the  cognitive dysfunction which is recommended by personal  experience.

A tattoo is a form of body modification by inserting indelible ink into the dermis of the skin to change the pigment. Permanent makeup is a cosmetic technique which employs tattoos as a means of producing designs that resemble makeup. In the United States, the percentage of adults with minimum one tattoo has increased from 21% in 2012 to around 38% in 2016. The process of tattooing exposes the recipient to risks of infections with various pathogens, which are serious and difficult to treat. Other risks include allergic reactions, swelling and burning, granulomas, keloid formation and complications with MRI. Removal of tattoo is cumbersome. The pigments used in the inks are color additives, which are subject to premarket approval under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. However, because of other competing public health priorities and a previous lack of evidence of safety problems specifically associated with these pigments, FDA traditionally has not exercised regulatory authority for color additives on the pigments used in tattoo inks. FDA only monitors problems from tattoos and permanent make-up and alerts the public when they become aware of a problem. Consumers should be aware of the risks involved in order to make an informed decision. FDA urges consumers and healthcare providers to report adverse reactions from tattoos, permanent makeup, and temporary tattoos, as well as problems with tattoo removal. But it’s high time that FDA takes a strong call on this matter and strictly regulates these practices to prevent further harm to public.

The studies were intended to investigate the possible antihyperlipidemic effect of tulsi and cinnamon oil in high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Tulsi and cinnamon oil were evaluated for antihyperlipidemic activity using high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia model in male Wistar albino rats(200-250g). A comparison was also made between the action of tulsi(0.5 mg/kg b.w) and cinnamon oil extracts(1.8mg/200g b.w) and antihyperlipidemic drug atorvastatin (0.18mg/200g). Parameters assessed were body weight, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C.  The results of the study are represented by mean ± SEM. Statistical significance of data was assessed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a comparison between different groups using “Tukey - Kramer” test. Oral administration of 0.5 mg/kg of tulsi oil with dist. water and Cinnamon oil of 1.8 mg/200g suspended in tween80 solution exhibited significant reduction (p ˂ 0.01) in serum biochemical parameters total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)  and increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in hyperlipidemic rats of HC diet model  compared to hyperlipidemic positive control. The results demonstrated that tulsi and cinnamon oil extracts possessed significant antihyperlipidemic activity.

A novel tridentate chelating ligand, (2Z,2Z)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)hydrazono)butanoic acid and its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (vibrational, electronic, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass) and thermal studies. The interaction of ligand and complexes with calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been extensively studied using absorption, emission, viscosity and thermal denaturation studies with E. coli DNA. The DNA cleavage ability of ligand and metal complexes were tested using plasmid pBR322 DNA by gel electrophoresis method.