Karnataka

The aim of this study is to find the usage of antimicrobials in hospital section and to study the frequency of morbidity and mortality. The present study was undertaken to screen rational use of antimicrobials in inpatient department (IPD). Prescriptions from medicine, surgery, obstetrics (OBG) were collected over a period of nine months. Prescriptions containing antimicrobial drugs were analyzed for appropriateness in dose, dosage, duration of therapy. In our study we found that, out of 362, 179 were males and 189 were females. In that most commonly Cephalosporinns 142 (39.22%), Quinolones 128 (35.35%), Antiprotozoal 63 (17.40%) followed by Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Penicillines, and Anthelmentics were prescribed. Our findings indicate an urgent need for the establishment of proper guidelines, dissemination of information to practitioners and supervision of antimicrobial usage in low income countries like India. Irrational and unnecessary drug use can be expensive and harmful leading to resistance. Key words: Antimicrobials, Prescription, Health Care

Lornoxicam is comparatively a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which is selective cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX 1 and 2) inhibitors. Lornoxicam is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that exhibits its anti inflammatory, analgesic and anti pyretic activities in animal models and it is presently available in the market only as tablet dosage form. It is preferred in the treatment of adults with osteoarthritis, acute pain rheumatoid arthritis, postoperative dental pain and primary dysmenorrhoea. The present study was undertaken with an intention to develop a stable and effective parenteral formulation, containing the drug Lornoxicam. Lornoxicam is a light sensitive and insoluble water soluble drug but unstable at higher temperature in water. So the effects of various co solvents in the solubility of  Lornoxicam have been evaluated. Lornoxicam was tried with co solvents such as PEG-400, β-cyclodextrin and Sodium Lauryl sulphate. The drug was made into injection formulation for administered as a SVP. Various batches of Lornoxicam injection formulation were prepared in order to assess the influence of heat, light, atmospheric oxygen and antioxidant on the stability of the drug and the formulations were also subjected to accelerated stability test. Out of all trials, formulation containing Sodium Lauryl sulphate was found to be more soluble, stable and passed all tests satisfactorily.

Barlaria buxifolia Linn is one of the medicinal plants well documented traditionally in Ayurveda system of medicine and is highly valued in modern medicine owing to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, steroids. The plant is reported to contain phenol, flavonoid and tannin; phenolic and flavonoids compounds are reported to possess antioxidant and hence the plant may be used as organ protective. Keeping this in view, the plant was analysed for total phenol, flavonoid and tannin content. Catechol, quercetin and tannic acid reagents were used as standards for calibration of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins respectively. The quantification of total polyphenol, falvonoid and tannin content showed 14.65mg/gm catechol, 26.80mg/gm quercetin and 11.32mg/gm tannic acid equivalent respectively, the study indicates that the leaves of Barlaria buxifolia Linn exhibits the highest flavonoid, phenolic and tannin content. It can be used potentially as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidant. Key words: Catechol, Phenol, Flavonoid, Quercetin and Tannin, Barlaria buxifolia Linn

In the present study, the polyherbal antidiabetic nutraceutical formulation was screened for its safety and efficacy using albino wistar rats (130-150gm). The formulation consists of Gymnema sylvestre, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium cepa, Curcuma longa, Phyllanthus amarus, Tinospora cordifolia, Eugenia jambolana, Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The safety of the formulation was studied by acute toxicity studies according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines and efficacy was studied by using streptozotocin induced diabetes model at 45 mg/kg b.w. The test drug did not show any signs of toxic­ity or mortality up to 5000 mg/kg which was fixed as the cut off point for the maximum tolerated dose.  Antidiabetic activity was screened in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model for 21 days using glibenclamide 1.5 mg/kg as standard and parameters like blood glucose level and weight variation were studied. After 21 days treatment the mean blood glucose level of the formulation, dose 1 (500mg/kg) treated group showed 142.50±1.11mg/dl, the formulation, dose 2 (250mg/kg) treated group showed 210.66±2.96 mg/dl, the standard group showed 137.66±2.10 mg/dl, Control group 433.33±9.89mg/dl, Normal group 94.83±0.30 mg/dl respectively and at a dose of 500mg/kg body weight. The formulation showed significant increase in the body weight. Therefore, the results indicated that the polyherbal neutraceuticals formulation is an efficacious and safer antidiabetic/ oral hypoglycemic formulation in Type II diabetes.

In the present study, a series of N-[5-(phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] benzamide and N-[5-(phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] acetamide were prepared by refluxing with benzoyl chloride and acetyl chloride with 5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-amine. 5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-amine were prepared by oxidative cyclization of thiosemicarbazone (through condensation of aromatic aldehyde and thiosemicarbazide). The structure of new compounds prepared during present investigation have been authentically established by their IR,1H-NMR and Mass spectral studies. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of thiadiazole derivatives also reported. Some of these derivatives exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Key words:  Thiosemicarbazone, Thiadiazole, antibacterial, antifungal.

  Intravenous Incompatibilities are ‘undesirable reactions which occur when two are more drugs are administered through a single intravenous line or given in a single solution’, will leads to experience toxicity or an incomplete therapeutic effect in the patient.   Hence the present study mainly focused on clinical pharmacist assessment in intravenous admixtures administration.This study was an observational, prospective study method. When a single (drug solution) two or more drug (drug-drug solution compatibilities) administered directly into the infusion or in the same infusion line, the compatibility of the drug will be checked by using primary, secondary or tertiary resources. A one day workshop was conducted for the nursing professionals about intravenous incompatibilities for increasing the awareness and for providing of standardized nursing care services while administering of intravenous drugs. The results of this study showed that out of 145 combinations; 25 (17.24%) are compatible, 41 (28.28%) incompatible, 10 (6.9%) variable and 69 (47.58%) undocumented.  Comparative evaluation of pre and post test score percentage of 78 participants showed that,  ≤ 40 percentage score was observed in 37.18% in pre-evaluation test whereas only 5.13% was observed in the post-evaluation test, and interestingly  >80 percentage score was not found in the pre-evaluation test, whereas 7.69% participants  scored in the post-evaluation test . This study showed that Clinical Pharmacist assessment in intravenous admixture will helps in minimizing of incompatibilities ,  unidentified area research gaps , and also make the nurses  to aware about nursing care /precautions in intravenous administration. Key words: Intravenous admixtures, Incompatibilities, Clinical Pharmacist.

  Present investigation describes preparation of microspheres by solvent evaporation followed by in vitro characterization of microspheres to evaluate the effect of method of preparation on physical properties and drug release profile of microspheres. The microspheres were found to be discrete, spherical with free flowing properties. The morphology (Scanning Electron Microscopy), particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency and their release profiles were investigated. The yield was found to be maximum in case of solvent evaporation method. The microsphere prepared by solvent evaporation method was found in ranges of 250-50 μm, respectively. The microspheres formulation prepared by solvent evaporation method the drug carrier interactions were investigated in solid state by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy study. In vitro drug release rate for A microsphere was found to be sustained over 12 hours. Hence, it can be concluded that the Formulation prepared by solvent evaporation method, has potential to deliver Losartan Potassium in a controlled manner in a regular fashion over extended period of time in Comparison to all other formulations and can be adopted for a successful oral delivery of Losartan potassium for safe management of hypertension.

  In the present investigation an attempt was made to formulate fast dissolving tablets using BCS class II drug Repaglinide, ie low solubility and high permeability to form an inclusion complex to improve the dissolution rate, thus enhancing the bioavailability. Beta-CD inclusion complex was made in varying ratios 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 of drug and polymer by solvent evaporation method. The complexes were evaluated for phase solubility, drug content and drug release. Phase solubility study revealed AL type indicating linear increase in solubility with increase in the carrier concentrations. The inclusion complex 1:1 ratio prepared by spray dried was studied for drug content uniformity which was ranging from 85-98%, FTIR showed no any compatibility of the drug and beta-CD; DSC and XRD showed distinct loss of drug crystallinity accounting for enhancement in the dissolution rate. SEM revealed spherical shape of the inclusion complex. The drug release study was carried out in 0.1N HCL using USP type paddle dissolution apparatus revealed to be 93% within 5 mins. The FDT was formulated by direct compression method six batches of tablets were prepared with varying ratios of superdisintegrants (F1-F6). The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration which was found within the official range, drug content ranging from 89-94%. The formulation F3 containing Crosspovidone was optimized which showed maximum drug release of 98% within 10 mins. Kinetics of drug release from all the tablets followed zero order release with non-Fickian type diffusion. Key words: Repaglinide, Beta- Cyclodextrin, Spray drying and fast dissolving tablets

In this present work Erythromycin stearate nanosuspension has been formulated. Since Erythromycin stearate is insoluble in water, it has been formulated as nanosuspension to improve bioavailability of the drug. The formulation was carried out using High Pressure Homogenization method using different variables like drug-surfactants ratio, stirring speed and rotation time, to optimize the final formulation while keeping the quantities of active ingredient constant. An optimized final formulation was prepared by using drug, poloxamer 188 and tween20 in 1:2:2 ratios with stirring speed of 25000 rpm for 25 minutes using High Pressure Homogenizer (Polytron PT 1600E) followed by lyophilisation. The optimized final formulation was subjected to in-vitro parameters such as compatibility, drug content, particle size analysis, zeta-potential, SEM, in-vitro release profile. All the in vitro evaluation parameters complied the limits. Stability studies were also conducted as per ICH guidelines and from the result it may be concluded that the optimized formulation is stable. Finally, it is concluded that the drug is compatible and stable with the excipients, hence Erythromycin stearate can be formulated as nanosuspension by this method. Key words: Erythromycin stearate, Poloxamer 188, Nanosuspension, Zeta potential, DSC, SEM.    

Glimepiride loaded polymeric blend matrices were prepared using hydrogel forming polysaccharide like agar, isabgol, aloe vera and gelatin by solution blending method. The polymeric blends were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that there was no reaction between drug and polymers. The surface morphology of prepared polymeric blends was studied by scanning electron microscopy which suggested that polymeric blend matrices have smooth/rough surface with vacuoles. All the polymeric blend matrices were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, thickness and drug content which suggested that all these parameters were uniform as the total amount of the polymers was fixed to 10%. The polymer blend matrices show good hardness of more than 8 kg/cm2 and drug content more than 95 % suggested that the solution blending method used was suitable for the preparation of polymeric blends. The polymeric blend showed good swelling in the range of 244.12 to 411.22 % within 8 h maintaining integrity of formulation. The in vitro release of the glimepiride was rapid in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with more than 81.96% released within 8 h. Increases in the amount of agar enhance the in vitro release whereas increases in the amount of gelatin decrease the release of glimepiride. Hence the polymeric blends prepared with agar or gelatins with other polysaccharide as binary or ternary system extend the glimepiride up to 8 h and can be used for effective management of diabetes and also presence of aloe vera may provide synergistic hypoglycemic effect.