ABSTRACT

Polymer grafting open a new window to pharmaceutical formulation. This article review about the different natural polymer and their application in pharmaceutical industry. Techniques such as grafting, crosslinking, blending and composite formation techniques are accustomed to modify the polymer. Recently, polymer grafting method received a wide attention than the other methods employed in the modification of the polymer. Polymer grafting can be achieved by covalent bonding of monomer to the polymer. In this review, techniques such as chemical grafting, radiation grafting etc. are also discussed.

Keywords: Natural, polymer, grafting, techniques, modification.

ABSTRACT

Small intestine is mostly the site for drug absorption but in some cases the drug needs to be targeted to colon due to some factors like local colonic diseases such as IBDs (inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease) amebiosis, colon cancer), degradation related conditions, delayed release of drugs, systemic delivery of protein and peptide drugs etc. To achieve successful colon targeted drug delivery, a drug need to be protected from degradation, release and absorption in the upper portion of the GI tract and then to be ensured controlled release in the proximal colon. Many prodrugs have been evaluated for colon drug delivery. These prodrugs are designed to pass intact and unabsorbed from the upper GIT and undergone biotransformation in the colon releasing the active drug molecule by variety of enzymes, mainly of bacterial origin present in the colon (e.g. azoreductase, glucuronidase, glycosidase, dextranase, esterase, nitroreductase, cyclodextranase etc.). Treatment of these diseases with colon-targeted drug delivery system provides an interesting alternative over systemic drug administration because of lower dosing and fewer systemic side effects. This review will cover various natural prodrug conjugates and recent pharmaceutical approaches to colon targeted drug delivery system.

Keywords: Prodrug, Colon Targeted Drug delivery system, Natural Prodrugs Conjugates 

ABSTRACT

Biomarkers provide a dynamic and powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of disease with applications in observational and analytic epidemiology, randomized clinical trials, screening, diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarker is defined as alteration in the constituents of tissues or body fluids, these markers offer the means for homogeneous classification of a disease and risk factors, and then can extend our base information about the underlying pathogenesis of disease. A prerequisite for the clinical use of biomarker is elucidation of the specific indication, standardization of analytical methods, characterization of analytical features, incremental yield of different markers for given clinical indications. Biomarkers can also reflect the entire spectrum of disease from the earliest manifestations to the terminal stages. The major use of biomarkers has been employed  in clinical investigation. The article features biomarkers in drug development and in disease diagnosis.

Keywords: Disease diagnosis, Biomarker, Drug development, Clinical investigation.

ABSTRACT

Curcumin, an orange-yellow colored component of turmeric is a diarylheptanoid. It is the principal curcuminoid obtained from the rhizomes of the Curcuma longa plant (Zingiberaceae). It is a polyphenol product obtained from turmeric. It is been used in some medicinal preparation and even as a food-coloring agent. By the in vivo and in vitro studies it is confirmed that curcumin has antiviral, anti-arthritic anticancer, anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present article highlights the role of curcumin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It emphasizes on the oral, transdermal and parenteral routes of drug delivery systems and the emerging trends related to these delivery systems such as solid dispersions, cyclodextrin inclusion compounds, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, micro nano emulsions, transdermal patches, topical gel and proniosomes etc.

Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Curcumin, Drug delivery, Treatment.

ABSTRACT

Oral route is still the preferred route of drug administration for majority of the population as it is non invasive and convenient but has some inherited flaws as certain patients like young children and geriatric patients have difficulty in swallowing. Recent trends are shifting toward design and development of a novel carrier system for existing drugs. Oral disintegrating films (ODF) play an eminent role, as it dissolves rapidly in the mouth and reaches directly into systemic circulation. Various methods have been used for formulating ODF, among which solvent casting is frequently used. The film consists of generally both hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers and other suitable excipients which either dissolves or disperses rapidly in the oral cavity and releases the active ingredient. The present review is mainly focused on the formulation approaches, their evaluation and therapeutic benefits of ODF.

Keywords: Oral strips, Mucosal Delivery, Polymer films, Fast dissolving film, ODFs

ABSTRACT

Pharmacovigilance is an integral part of clinical research. The potential awareness regarding adverse drug reactions has resulted in the emergence of the practice of Pharmacovigilance. Both clinical trials safety and post marketing pharmacovigilance are very significant in ensuring the drug safety. Pharmacovigilance methods can be categorized as Passive surveillance, Active surveillance, Comparative observational studies, targeted clinical investigations and Descriptive studies. The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) already initiated a nationwide Pharmacovigilance programme under the aegis of Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and Government of India. The pharmacovigilance system in India has to be refined with the collaboration of pharmacovigilance experts. Implementation of a robust pharmacovigilance program in India in accordance with the objectives and recommendations of World Health Organization by Central Drugs Standard Control Organization is a prerequisite. It is the need of the hour to improve communication between the healthcare professionals and the public; and educating the health professionals well to understand the benefits/ risks of medicines they prescribe. Developing own national database and sharing information with other regulatory agencies will contribute a lot of required information from worldwide data to take the correct decision on medicines and products.

Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, adverse drug reactions, central drugs standard control organization, drug safety.

ABSTRACT

Plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. Ayurveda, traditional medicine, tribal medicine and other literatures mention the use of plants in the treatment of various human ailments. Researches conducted in the last few decades on  exploring crude drugs mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for treating diseases is increasing. The term ginseng refers to the species within Panax, a genus of 11 species of slow growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, in the family Araliaceae. These plants grown in eastern Asia, typically in cooler climates. The two major species are American ginseng (grown in the Midwest of America and exported to China) and Asian ginseng. Ginseng is known to be an adaptogen – adaptogens are substances that help the body to restore itself to health and to work without side effects. The present paper summarizes the traditional uses and pharmacological actions of the roots and rhizomes of ginseng.

Keywords: Ginseng, Crude drugs, Traditional uses, Pharmacology,

ABSTRACT

Molecular markers are indispensable tools for identifying a particular sequence of DNA in a pool of unknown DNA. Use of Molecular markers are generally based on naturally occurring DNA polymorphism, which forms the basis for designing strategies to exploit for various purposes such as species identification, genetic diagnostics, characterization  of  transformants, study  of  genome  organization, germplasm characterization  and phylogenic analysis. There are various types of markers viz. morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. The molecular markers are selected for their appropriate purpose on the basis of high level of accuracy and reproducibility. The main properties which helps in choosing the most reliable marker are: Genetic abundance, level of polymorphism, locus-specificity, co-dominancy, technical demands, operational costs and many more. The DNA based molecular markers are again divided in to two i.e. hybridization based and PCR based molecular markers. RFLP belongs to the first non PCR based techniques and PCR based technique includes RAPD and AFLP. In this review, we discuss about the molecular markers with their merits and demerits. 

Keywords: Molecular markers, Polymorphism, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, Hybridization

ABSTRACT

Sphingosomes is bilayer vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by membrane lipid bilayer mainly composed of natural or synthetic sphingolipid. Sphingosomes solve the major drawback of vesicle system(liposomes, niosomes) like less stability, less in vivo circulation time, low tumor loading efficacy in case of cancer therapy. The outcome of this review is that Sphingosomes represents a promising vesicular drug delivery system to delivers therapeutic compounds for a range of possible application. Sphingosomes are clinically used delivery system for chemotherapeutic agent, biological macromolecule and diagnostics. Due to flexibility in size and composition, different types of Sphingosomes have been developed.

Keywords: Sphingosomes, Lipid bilayer, Vesicular drug delivery, sphingolipid, cholesterol.

ABSTRACT

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are the superseding drug delivery system in the nanotechnology sphere. SLNs has been developed at the beginning of 1990s with potential applications in the field of pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, clinical medicine along with research as a substitute to the traditional colloidal carrier systems such as emulsions, liposomes since they exclude those downsides of the traditional system. SLN s offers a great way for controlled drug delivery and site targeting drug delivery as well. This article gives general information about the solid lipid nanoparticles, their production procedures and characterization. In addition to that, the recent advancements of drug delivery systems using SLNs were reviewed.

Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles, colloidal carriers, drug delivery.

ABSTRACT

As well the disease has sown the seed of science of treatment from the very beginning of human life, Ayurveda has developed a wide range of therapeutic measures to combat illness. After primary review of textual references, it was found that laksha churna has a wound healing property. It has kashaya, tikta and madhura rasa, having balya, varnya, dahashamaka, dusta vrana-vishodhani and krimihara property. Palankasha, alakta, yava, vrikshamaya and jatu are the synonyms of laksha. In spite of vast development of modern science, vrana ropaka activity of laksha churna is not ignorable even in modern era. It is economically cheap and without any side effect in comparison to modern drugs. It is being used for pharmaceutical and food coatings due to its organic and non-toxic properties.

Keywords: Critical review, Laksha, Vrana-ropaka churna

ABSTRACT

Silybum marianum (Milk thistle), a part of the Asteraceae family, is a tall herb with huge prickly white- veined green leaves as well as a reddish-purple flower that split ends in sharp spines. Many of the phytoconstituents were shown such as silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, silydianin, kaempferol, taxifolin and quercetin. The sylimarin microscopic characteristic with its morphological characteristic were also known. The plant is entirely used as anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective,  hypocholesterolaemic, anti-hypertensive, , anti-cancer, and as an anti-oxidant.. The plant is also serves as a galactagogue and used in the treatment of uterine disorders. These plant showing the synergistic effect with glyrrihizin and cancer drug. This review paper focuses mainly on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities as well as dosage regimen and its pharmacokinetics of the well-known plant milk thistle.

Keywords: Silybum marianum , Hepatoprotective , SILIPHOS®, Legalon® ,Anti-diabetic.

ABSTRACT

Probiotics are live microorganism which when consumed in enough amounts exert health effects on the host. Several animal and human studies showed that probiotics have beneficial effects in prevention and treatment of some diseases. In addition to improving gut health, immunity and protection against harmful microorganism, antihypertensive, antioxidative effects, anticarcinogenic properties, improving arthritis, reduction of dermatitis, obesity, probiotics have been also studied for their cholesterol reduction effects. The purpose of this study was to review recent researches in to lipid profile improving effect of probiotics in animals and humans. Probiotics exert lowering lipid profile through several mechanisms such as deconjugate bile acids through bile salt hydrolase catalysis, take up and assimilate cholesterol for stabilization of their cell membrane and binding cholesterol to cell walls of probiotics in intestine; conversion of cholesterol into coprostanol, inhibit hepatic cholesterol synthesis by short chain fatty acids such as propionate produced by probiotic bacteria and/or redistribution of cholesterol from plasma to the liver. Certain strains of probiotics have demonstrated cholesterol lowering properties while others did not. However, not all the trials have yielded conclusive results. Thus, more properly designed in vivo trials may bring additional understanding to eliminate the controversies, to better understand the underlying mechanisms and for safety assessment prior to consumption.

Keywords: Probiotics, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Cholesterol, Cardiovascular Disease, Health.

ABSTRACT

“Othalanga” is a poisonous fruit of a herb (Cerbera odollum) grown widely in marsh and swamp area. In Alappuzha district of our country several die every year by consuming this, either accidently or with the purpose of suicide or homicide. Modern medicine has no antidote or any treatment for this, due to unawareness of this poison. An elaborate study on the details of “Cerbera odollum” and effective treatment for this poisoning is essential and solicited.

Keywords: “Othalanga”(Cerbera odollum); Toxic nature; fruit of “othalanga” (Cerbera odollum)

ABSTRACT

A simple, rapid and specific High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for simultaneous analysis of Curcumin and β-Boswellic acid in a prepared polyherbal gel formulation containing turmeric and boswellia extracts. High performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed on a C₁₈ column using 90:10 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and water as isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Ultra violet detection was set at 425 nm for Curcumin and 242 for β-Boswellic acid. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity and sensitivity in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Validation data reveals that the method is specific, accurate, precise, reliable and reproducible. Good linear correlation coefficients (r²>0.9993) were obtained for calibration plots in the range tested. Limit of detection for Curcumin was 0.16 µg/ml and limit of quantification was 0.50 µg/ml while for β-Boswellic acid limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 3.3 and 9.9 µg/ml respectively. Recovery was found to be between 98.75 to 99.01 % for Curcumin and from 98.72 to 100.01 % for β-Boswellic acid. The established HPLC method is appropriate and the two selected markers are well resolved, enabling efficient quantitative analysis of Curcumin and β-Boswellic acid. The method was successfully used for quantitative analysis of these two marker constituents in an in-house prepared polyherbal gel formulation.

Key word: HPLC, Simultaneous analysis, Polyherbal gel formulation, Curcumin, β-Boswellic acid

ABSTRACT

Children are most susceptible to diseases and drug related problem as due to immature physiological functions. Though most of them are self-limiting, drug therapy is being regarded major component of pediatric management in healthcare settings. The aim of the study was to identify the type of drug related problems and assess the impact of pharmacist interventions in hospitalized pediatric patients. A Prospective interventional study was carried out in paediatric wards of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 8 months from July 2015 to February 2016. The drug therapy details of the patients were collected from inpatient paediatric case records. Clinical pharmacist reviewed the drug therapy, identified the drug related problems during ward rounds and discussed with the physicians and suitable suggestions was provided which had been documented. A total of 46 drug therapy problems were identified from 39 patient case records. The number of drug related problems was predominant in males than females. Drug related problems were commonly seen in patient’s ≤ 1 years of age. The most common drug related problems was found to be drug- drug selection (71 %) followed by adverse drug reaction (8.1%). The most frequent suggestions by the clinical pharmacist were on substitution of drug (42.8%). The acceptance rate of suggestions and the changes in drug therapy was found to be (30.2%). The level of significance of drug related problems was found to be moderate significance in grade. The identification of drug related problems and their prevention through pharmacist interventions in pediatrics drug therapy may help to avoid the unwanted harmful effects of drugs that will helps in improving therapeutic outcome and quality of care.

Keywords: Drug related problem, Pediatric patients, and clinical pharmacists.

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a key enzyme involved in neoplastic lipogenesis and accumulating evidence suggests that overexpression of FASN is common in many cancers. To date, not many compounds are known to inhibit FASN. Thus, our aim was to explore more lead compounds which are able to inhibit FASN. High affinity compounds for FASN were searched among a database of chemical structures comprising 9,127 approved drugs, chemical isolates from traditional medicinal herbs, and regulated chemicals, termed the SWEETLEAD. The screening protocol consisted of a high-throughput pharmacophore screening followed by an extensive docking and scoring study. Three different pharmacophore models and a merged pharmacophore model were generated using three different inactive crystal structures of FASN. Pharmacophore-based screening yielded overall 1,661 hits. Afterwards, all these hit compounds were docked to the inactive form of FASN using docking and scoring protocols. The best pose was further evaluated based on the existence of key residues for antagonist binding in its vicinity which retrieved 38 hits. After final evaluations based on S-score, 12 hits were revealed. Although the experimental validation of these compounds are lacking, computational methods predicts them as strong binders. Further experimental validation of these compounds will confirm this in silico study and their potential role of these hits in treatment of cancer with high FASN expression. 

Keywords: FASN antagonist, drug repurposing, pharmacophore modelling, docking

ABSTRACT

Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) is an isotropic mixture of drug, oil, surfactant and co-surfactant which spontaneously forms emulsion in aqueous environment under gentle agitation. Many drugs are lipophilic in nature making them difficult for oral delivery as the GI environment is aqueous in nature. The objective of present work was to develop and evaluate the SEDDS of Aceclofenac using oleic acid as oil, tween 20 as surfactant and PEG 400 as  co-surfactant. Compatibility studies showed no interaction between drug and excipients used. Ternary phase diagram was constructed to optimize the formulation. Formulated SEDDSs were evaluated for drug content, zeta-potential, robustness to dilution, globule size and in-vitro drug release. Globule size were between 151.1-182.3 nm and spherical in shape. In-vitro drug release study revealed that the drug release form the formulated SEDDSs were faster when compare to pure drug and marketed product. Formulation S6 showed the highest drug release i.e. 91.71% within 25 m. Formulations were stable during testing period of 3 months. From this work, it was cleared that the SEDDS of Aceclofenac was found to be significant in terms of releasing of the drug as compare to pure drug and marketed product.

Keywords: Self-emulsifying drug delivery system, Aceclofenac, Oleic Acid, Tween 20, PEG 400.

ABSTRACT

The biodiesel is quite similar to conventional diesel fuel in its physical characteristics and can be used alone or mixed in any ratio with petroleum based diesel fuel in most existing modern four-stroke combustion ignition diesel engines with very few technical adjustments or no modification. Biodiesel as a neat can be used as a direct substitute for petro diesel and is technically called B100.The reaction is catalyzed by NaOH making this process economically viable for the industrial scale production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is an excellent product as it is environmentally friendly. Chromatogram GC-MS analysis showed 12 peaks were detected as methyl esters of fatty acids in Biodiesel coconut oil but there is only one a prominent peak that has great intensity.

Keywords: Biodiesel, FT-IR, GC-MS, NMR

ABSTRACT

Oxidative stress is considered to impair health. The cell damage caused by the free radicals, generated by oxidative stress is believed to be a key reason for the pathogenesis of several diseases. Present study has designed to find out the acute and chronic effect of stress on the liver and to compare the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of curcumin and capsaicin. Forty two male wistar rates were examined for ten days. Results of the study revealed that both acute and chronic stress have altered the endogenous antioxidants like glutathione and peroxidase. it also increases the lipid peroxidation. It is found that the level of hepatic glutathione is decreased by 33.63% and 51.51% and in acute and chronic groups respectively. The blood glutathione level and the peroxidase enzyme also followed the same trend. MDA, the end product of lipid peroxidation is increased by 18.08% and 32.64%  in the same groups. Both the curcumin and capsaicin showed the similar antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect and it regained the endogenous antioxidant level in to normal range.  Our data also revealed that there is no significant difference between the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of curcumin and capsaicin.

Keyword: MDA: Malonyl dialdehyde, GSH: reduced glutathione, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, NF-kB : nuclear factor kappa B, TNFa : Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha

ABSTRACT

Present study aims to prepare and evaluate Metoprolol succinate microspheres by ionotropic gelation method. Among all the formulations S7 was selected as optimized formulations for based on the physico chemical parameters and drug release studies. In the in vitro release study of formulation S7 showed 96.29% after 12 h in a controlled manner, which is essential for disease like peptic ulcer. The in vitro release profiles from optimized formulations were applied on various kinetic models. The best fit with the highest correlation coefficient was observed in Higuchi model, indicating diffusion controlled principle. FT-IR and DSC analyses confirmed the absence of drug-polymer interaction. The results obtained from evaluation and performance study of different types of Metoprolol succinate microspheres that system may be useful to achieve a controlled drug release profile suitable for peroral administration and may help to reduce the dose of drug, dosing frequency and improve patient compliance when compared with marketed product.

Keywords: Metoprolol succinate, ionotropic gelation, microspheres, hypertension, Higuchi.

ABSTRACT

An efficient synthesis process access to disubstituted pyrazoles have been demonstrated from 2-propyn-1-alcohols using an effective catalyst Polymer bound pTSA. This conversion proceeds via an acid catalyzed propargylation of N,N-diprotected hydrazines followed by base-mediated cyclization to furnish 3,5-Disubstituted-1H-pyrazoles in optimum yields.

Keywords: 2-Propyn-1-ol, Cyclization, Substituted Pyrazole, Heterocyclic moieties, and coupling reactions.

ABSTRACT

Hypertension is a global health problem with significant magnitude of morbidity and mortality, in recent years, most of the developing countries such as Sudan depend largely on the herbal remedies which are used for the treatment of hypertension such as: Hibiscus Sabdariffa. In folk medicine it is used for variety aspects such as: wound dressing, bronchitis and diabetes. The extract of this plant exerts its antihypertensive activity by at least three major specific mechanisms of action:  diuretic, vasodilator and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor).The object of the work was to to discuss and evaluate the effectiveness of Hibiscus Sabdariffa as antihypertensive agent. In vitro, H. sabdariffa (HS) act as a vasodilator via relaxed the pre-contracted endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings. In man and laboratory animals, aqueous extraction of HS significantly reduced BP in essential hypertensive man, and the calyx extract reduced BP in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. It's also significantly reduced BP in normal rats and anesthetized cats. In addition, there are an evidence reports that the regular use of (HS) can protected the body from the cardiovascular disorder by lowering: total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides in the majority of normolipidemic, hyperlipidemic and diabetic animal models. All the studies had agreed that Hibiscus Sabdariffa can significantly reduce the blood pressure, but all the problems that reported later on in the discussion that have founded on the conducted articles need further evaluation of this herbal remedy to be approved as an effective antihypertensive agent.

Keywords: Hypertension, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Hyperlipidemic and diabetic animal models

ABSTRACT

A simple, rapid, sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Cefixime and linezolid ,at single wavelength of 263nm.chromotographic separation was performed on an enable aligent zorabax(thermo) column(250nmx4.6mm ID particle size 5 um) and a  mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water(70:30v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. the calibration curve was linear(r²≥0.0999) over the concentration range. 400-1200μg/mL of cefixime and 1200-3600μg/mL of linezolid. the limit of quantification was 9.709µg/ml for Cefixime and  9.482µg/ml  for linezolid no interference was found by the excipients in the synthetic mixture. The proposed methods were validated for international conference on harmonization guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness for estimation of Cefixime and linezolid in bulk and synthetic mixture, and the results were found to be satisfactory

Keywords: cifexime, linezolid, RP-HPLC Validation

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the ABO and Rhesus D Blood group and CMV Status of blood donors in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto. Two hundred and ninety (290) consecutively –recruited blood donors, consisting of 287 males and 3 females aged 19 – 55 years with mean age 39 ± 21 years were screened for their ABO and Rh D blood group and CMV antibodies status using the Lorne Laboratories (UK) antisera and CTK Biotech (U.S.A.) Onsite CMV IgG/IgM Duo rapid test for CMV-IgG and IgM detection. The result shows that 57.9% of the donors were CMV positive for IgM only, 3.1% were positive for both IgM and IgG and 4.82% were positive for IgG only while the remaining 34.18% were negative. The prevalence of CMV positivity was higher among blood group O donors (30.7%) compared to blood group A (16.2%), B (15.5%) and AB (0.34%). CMV positivity was higher among blood donors  in the 25-29 years age group (16.6%) compared to those in the 19-24 years (16.2%), 30-35 years (12.1%), 36-40 years (10.3%), 41-45 years (8.7%), 46- 50 years (1.40%) and 51-55 years age group (0.70%). This present study indicates mild endemicity of CMV infection among blood donors in Sokoto, Nigeria. There is need to routinely screen blood donors for CMV particularly for donor units intended for use in neonates, pregnant women, AIDS patients, immunosuppressed and transplant patients. The use of leucocyte- rich whole blood transfusion should be discouraged in Nigeria. Effort should be made to implement universal leucodepletion of donated units. There is also the need to educate clinical staff to ensure that CMV negative units are requested for patients in whom CMV negative units are indicated.

Keywords: Prevalence, Cytomegalovirus, Blood Donors, Usmanu Danfodio University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the use of computers in chemistry have been developed greatly. The molecular docking, computer based drug designing, etc. has proved the efficiency of computers in computational chemistry. With the use of sophisticated computational tools and techniques the drugs discovery has been accelerated in the form of target based drug discovery rather than rational methods. In the current scenario the software used for drug designing are very expensive, so in this paper the power of internet and open source community has been used for performing SAR and Pharmacophore based drug design approaches as they are free to use. Using SAR and Pharmacophore study here some derivatives of Podophyllotoxin have been designed by understanding their toxicity, metabolic sites and drug like properties.

Keywords: Pharmacophore, SAR, Podophyllotoxin

ABSTRACT

A simple, precise, novel stability-indicating method was developed and validated for the estimation of Bendamustine in pharmaceutical forms. The Assay method was developed by using a detector set at 235nm and reverse phase c18 column (Inertsil ODS-2,150mmx4.6mm, 5 μm).The mobile phase consisted of 0.1%Trifluoroacetic acid: Acetonitrile 70:30 (v/v) in isocratic flow rate at 1.5mL/min for 10minutes.Sample cooler temperature and Column oven temperature were monitored in the method at 5°c and 25°c Respectively. The retention time of bendamustine was 4.8min.The proposed method was achieved and validated with respect to precision, specificity, accuracy, linearity, range, Analyte Stability, Filter variability, Robustness. The %Recovery of Bendamustine at Each level in formulations was found to be in a range of 98-102%. The linearity of the assay was established in the range of 5.053 to 75.793 µg/mL with correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.9999. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.03 and 0.05mg/mL, respectively. Specificity of the assay demonstrates no interference from and degrading products formed by alkaline, acidic, oxidative, UV light and high temperature (Thermal) conditions. This method showed more accurate, rugged and reliable determination of Bendamustine for drug stability assay in pharmaceutical studies.

Keywords: Bendamustine, Liquid chromatography, Method validation, Stability indicating method.

ABSTRACT

Prostate specific antigens occurs in serum in different molecular isoforms, and serum levels of these isoforms have been introduced as adjuncts for prostate disorder screening to reduce misdiagnosis. Little data exist on the use of these tests for screening patients with BPH . In the current study, serum level of total, free and complex  prostate specific antigen (tPSA,fPSAand cPSA) isoforms and serum sarcosine were evaluated in 200 BPH patients and 200 matched controls. tPSA level  was 15.13±1.15 ng/ml in BPH patients and 2.75±0.22 ng/ml in controls. fPSA was 2.81±0.16 ng/ml in BPH patients and 0.72±0.03 ng/ml in controls. cPSA was 12.31±1.05 ng/ml in BPH patients and 0.72±0.03 ng/ml in controls. Serum sarcosine was 118.70±1.80 nmol/dl in BPH patients and 64.94±0.81 nmol/dl in controls. The differences between patients and controls in all the analytes are significant (<0.05). In conclusion, the evaluation of these analytes may improve BPH diagnosis and reduce the number of prostatic biopsies in patients with BPH.

Keywords: Prostate Specific Antigen( PSA), PSA Isoforms, sarcosine and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) diagnosis.

ABSTRACT

The aim of present work was to enhance the dissolution of poorly soluble drug metaxalone  by particle size reduction. Metaxalone nanoparticles are obtained by high pressure homogenization followed by drying, which are characterized for mean particle size (MPS), polydispersity-index(PDI), zeta-potential(ZP), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), Fourier-transform infra-red(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), flow properties, saturation solubility and in-vitro release. The MPS of nanoparticles was observed to be less than 200 nm. The negative ZP indicates the stable nanoparticles obtained by sufficient adsorption of the stabilizers onto drug surface. The XRD and DSC  show the retention of drug crystallinity. Out of three drying methods,  SD and SG have obtained stable nanoparticles with improved flow properties. Nanoparticles increased the drug solubility by approximately 4 folds with Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and sodium lauryl sulfate as surface stabilizers. In-vitro release studies showed a remarkable increase in rate of drug release from 3 % (pure drug) to 34-36 % (nanoparticles) after 15 minutes and at the end of dissolution study almost 95 % of drug dissolved when compared to only 30 % of pure drug. The combining methods of HPH followed by SD/SG was observed to be promising method to produce stable nanoparticles of metaxalone with remarkable increase dissolution rate.. Results from this study suggest that these metaxalone nanoparticles may be a potential candidate for oral administration with quick onset of action for relief of acute painful musculoskeletal conditions.                            

Keywords: Metaxalone, Nanoparticles, homogenization, spray drying, spray granulation, lyophilization.

ABSTRACT

The concerned study reveals antidiabetic effects of different polyherbal combinations of two medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. Aim of the present study was to evaluate antidiabetic action of polyherbal combination of two medicinal plants. Methanol: water (70:30) extracts of Carica papaya and Curry leaf were used for polyherbal combinations. All these combinations were studied for their acute toxicity and 200 mg/kg dose was selected. OGTT, antidiabetic activity and liver function tests were performed for all the combinations. Reduction in blood glucose level was determined in antidiabetic activity for 0 to 20 days and histopathology of the pancreas was performed after 20th day. Results revealed that all combinations were safe and dose was selected at 200 mg/kg. Polyherbal combinations II showed significant antidiabetic activity in OGTT and STZ-diabetic rats. Treatment with combination-II in diabetic animals produced beneficial improvement in lipid profile. Histopathological observations showed improvement in the rat treated with combination-II. It may be concluded that combination-II was most effective and safe in comparison to other combinations. Flavonoids, tannins and sterols present in this combination might be responsible for the effect.

Keywords: Polyherbal combinations; Acute toxicity; OGTT; Antidiabetic, STZ.

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the communicable disease control surveillance system to target disease of expanded program on immunization at primary Health Care Center, Health Care Sectors, and Health Directorate and to indicate the level of usefulness of surveillance system characteristics of simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, stability. descriptive evaluation study is conducted on primary health care centers, primary health sectors, health directorates in AL- Najafe Governorate from 25 March 2015 to 30 January 2016. A probability multistage sample of (22) subjects which is selected from communicable disease for target disease of surveillance system units. Data were collected throughout the utilization of the developed questionnaire and interview technique. Questionnaire has been divided into three main parts consist, form(A) especially for health directorate, form (B) for health sectors, and form (C) for primary health care centers  each form contains the basic components, structure; consists of manpower and materials and resources of surveillance system, process; consists of  system components, and, feedback, outcome; consists of attributes ( 217) items.. The study results indicate that the study results regarding to male that there is majority of them are males. In addition, the study results indicate that the health officers have less than 5 years of experience in PHCs, and health sectors; while they have more than 8 years of experience at health directorate, shortage distribution of staff from physician and others specials as being compared with standard staff WHO (2001). Most of study sample which find lack in materials and resources at primary health care centers and health care sector except health directorate. recommend reveal Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Further studies should be conducted to involve more governments in Iraq about the effectiveness of the surveillance system and to determine the factors that cause it is in affectivity. Apply the surveillance system as a unit in the faculty of nursing curriculums to increase the community health nurses' experience in area of surveillance system.  Also, regarding Ministry of Health of recommendation Used of community health nurses as a managers to manage the surveillance system to benefit from their experience in surveillance system and all the community and community health nursing duties.

Keywords: Surveillance system, communicable disease

ABSTRACT

Drugs  with  large conductance calcium activated potassium channel opening  properties  by  virtue of  their  ability to  promote  an outflow of potassium ions, produce hyper polarization of cell membrane and decrease in the  cell excitability. This modulatory role of BK channels on the glutaminergic neuro-transmission renders BK channels openers potentially useful in epilepsy. Apart from this, channels form the target for modulation for a range of neurotransmitters and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Our study was designed to investigate the neurobehavioural and anticonvulsant properties of Cilostazol.  Neurobehavioural properties were evaluated using the hole board, Actophotometer and pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis.  Strychnine and maximal electroshock induced convulsion tests were used to investigate the anti-convulsive actions of Cilostazol. Results show that Cilostazol significantly reduced   the number of poking at both the tested doses. It also reduced the locomotor activity and showed a slight increase in sleeping time also. In addition, Cilostazol (20 & 40 mg/kg) showed protection of rats against strychnine induced convulsions but has no effect on maximal electroshock induced convulsions. The effects of cilostazol in various models were comparable with that of the standard drug.  The findings from the study suggest that the Cilostazol may be neurosedative and anticonvulsant action might be by blocking the inhibitory effects of glycine.

Keywords: Cilostazol, neuroprotective, large conductance calcium activated potassium channel (BK), anticonvulsant, neurobehaviour

ABSTRACT

A Study was conducted  on varieties of  birds eggs   there by extracting yolk and albumin.  The eggs of  java, quail, hen and love bird were chosen for the study  and  they were procured  from commercial farms, bird markets and breeding places. The   physical characteristics such as weight, shape, size and colour of the egg were analyzed. The yolk  and their albumin were separated  and incubated at 50⁰c for a period of 48 hours and their moisture loss was calculated. Similarly, the total cholesterol estimated found high in the  hens egg followed by love birds, were least in the quail and java egg. Thus a conclusion was  drawn that eggs of different birds are almost same colour but different in size, shape and possess different ratio of yolk and albumin.

Keywords: Yolk, Albumin, Java, Quail, Hen, Lovebird, Cholesterol.

ABSTRACT

In the present study novel series of 3-((3-((6-benzoyl-1H-benz[d]imidazol-2-yl) amino)-5-mercapto-4H-1, 2, 4-triazol-4-yl)imino)substituted indolin-2-ones have been synthesized in good yields and characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectral analyses. Compounds were evaluated for their preliminary in vitro cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), HeLa (cervical) and HepG2 (hepatocellular) cancer cell lines by standard MTT assay method, antioxidant activity by standard DPPH assay method and also were screened for  in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.

Keywords: Benzimidazole, Isatin, Cytotoxic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant.

ABSTRACT

The present study is undertaken to explore the effects of aqueous, alcoholic, chloroform and Petroleum ether extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis(HS), Aegle marmelos(AM), and Jatropha curcas(JC) on blood glucose level in both normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats.  In this single dose study, extracts are prepared by Maceration process with different solvents. Extracts of HS, AM, JC  was given once orally in different doses .The effect of extract was studied in normal rats, alloxan (150mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats and glucose fed normal rats by measuring fasting blood glucose level at different intervals. The extracts exhibited significant (p<0.01) antidiabetic activity in normal fasted rats and alloxan induced diabetic rats. The present study showed that aqueous extract of HS, AM, JC has potent antidiabetic effect in alloxan induced rats and Development and evaluation of tablet formulations showing significant activity and to compare these effects with Glibenclamide Standard Marketed product. 

Keywords:  Diabetes mellitus, Hibiscus rosa sinensis(HS), Aegle marmelos(AM), Jatropha curcas(JC),  Antidiabetic, Alloxan, chloroform, petroleum ether, Alcohol.

ABSTRACT

Leaves of Barleria prionitis (family- Acanthaceae) are used in traditional medicines for various ailments. The present study is to investigate the antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Barleria prionitis in Albino rats. Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia method was selected for evaluation. The standard drug used was paracetamol (150 mg/kg/p.o). Neck and Rectal temperature were recorded by digital thermometer and compared with the control group. Based on the results obtained, the methanolic leaf extract of Barleria prionitis showed significant antipyretic activity.

Keywords: Barleria prionitis; Antipyretic activity; Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia method.

ABSTRACT

Spermacoce hispida possesses significant anti-oxidant and cardioprotective activities. This manuscript reveals the preventive potential of seed extract on lysosomal damage in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Two different doses of the plant extract such as 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight was used to prove the cardioprotective effect against 100mg/kg body weight of isoproterenol (ISO). The activities of lysosomal enzymes in the heart of ISO- induced MI rats were increased significantly.  Pretreatment with hydro alcoholic extract of seeds of Spermacoce hispida prevented the changes in the levels of lysosomal enzymes in isoproterenol induced MI rats. The activity of enzymes like β –D- Galactosidase, β –D- Glucuronidase, N-Acetyl β-D –glucoseaminidase, Cathepsin D and ATP ases are found to be increased in heart homogenate in diseased rats against normal animals.

Keywords: anti-oxidant, cardioprotective, isoproterenol, lysosome

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was selection of most influential variable for the preparation of prolonged release nanoparticulate formulation by desolvation method for diltiazem hydrochloride with bioadhesive polymer gelatin. Formulation and processing variables which effect various response variables were studied by a Taguchi design. Independent variables studied were the amount of polymer, amount of glutaraldehyde, amount of Poloxamer 237, acetone addition rate, pH, stirring time and stirring speed. The dependent variables considered were the particle size, polydispersity index, amount of drug released in 6 h, time required to release 60 % of drug, mucoadhesiveness, entrapment efficiency and loading efficiency. Pareto charts showed that the two significant factors affecting the response variables were amount of glutaraldehyde and amount of polymer.

Keywords: Optimization; Nanoparticles; Gastoretentive; Mucoadhesive; Diltiazem.

ABSTRACT

A simple, accurate, precise and specific RP-HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Aceclofenac and Esomeprazole Sodium in bulk. Chromatographic analysis was carried out on C18 column ( 250mm × 4.6mm, 5µm). Mobile phase used is a homogenous mixture of ACN: Methanol in the ratio of 50:50 v/v. The detection was carried out at 285nm. The retention times were found to be 3.00 and 4.41 min for Aceclofenac and Esomeprazole Na respectively. Both the drugs showed linearity in the range of 30 – 70mcg/ml. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.99 and 0.992 for Aceclofenac and Esomeprazole Na respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines.

Keywords: Aceclofenac, Esomeprazole Sodium, RP-HPLC, Validation, Simultaneous estimation.

ABSTRACT

Drug Interactions have become very common now-a-days. In drug interactions there are mainly three types in that the most important interactions are drug-drug interactions. By keeping in mind about these interactions we have done research by taking Diabetes as the main disease and if same person is suffering any other disease like we have chosen Hypertension. Our main aim is to find out the Interactions between Glyburide and Amlodipine and another scenario is little different with another class of drug that is Enalapril and with Sulphonyl urea derivative drug that is Glyburide. We found that the Glyburide have shown the 49.9% of inhibition. The Amlodipine and Enalapril groups showed 28.9% and 33.7% inhibition rates against the Glyburide group. The combined groups Glyburide with Amlodipine and Glyburide with Enalapril have shown 39% and 43.3% inhibition rates. More results can be obtained if we have done Pharmacokinetic study.

Keywords:  Drug Interactions, Glyburide, Amlodipine, Enalapril, Diabetes.

ABSTRACT

The article focuses on the links between cancer and socio-demography and socio-economy from an epidemiological point of view. The relative contribution of various risk factors in the frequency of these cancers significantly demonstrated inequalities. A large part of the paper is devoted to a description of cancer according to socioeconomic, demographic and geographic levels, and to the locations of the dominant cancers in Eastern Morocco. Social inequalities in the field of cancer are particularly important. A total sample of 6428 cases of various cancers detected at the Regional Center of Oncology of Oujda was analyzed between years 2005 and 2010. Women were dominant with 4317 persons (67%) versus men with 2111 persons (33%). Most of these cancers were found in the two large cities of the eastern region, namely Oujda and Nador, and mainly affected the poor, most of which (80%) were out of work and generally over the age of 41. Among the cancers listed, those in southern cities were fewer than those of other cities. Several determinants were noted for their connection with cancer, including socio-economic wealth, cultural level, lifestyle, genetic and environmental situations. Reduced levels of exposure to certain risk factors, especially in disadvantaged groups, ought to reduce the inequalities in incidence, and hence inequalities in mortality. At the same time, a better information on the inequalities in healthcare in the broadest sense (including early detection), would help identifying successful interventions for reducing social inequalities in cancer prevalence. This implies that the social situation of patients, specifically the level of education or socio-professional category, be systematically documented. People with higher income and education levels are more likely to participate in cancer screening.

Keywords: Regional Center of Oncology, social situation

ABSTRACT

The developments in the field of polymeric superabsorbent over the past decade are presented in the paper. Special attention has been paid to the preparation methods to emphasize the new synthesis strategies developed in the recent years.  Superabsorbent copolymers form as a result of the phase separation during the free radical cross linking copolymerization of sodium acrylate, methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate monomers in the presence of inert diluents. It has been established that a variety of absorbent structures can be achieved during or after the cross linking by varying the independent parameters of the polymer synthesis, i.e. the degree of the polymer interactions, the amount of the cross linker and the diluents as well as the initiator concentration or the polymerization temperature. The most important reaction parameter to superabsorbent polymer synthesis is a ternary system composed of a polymer network, soluble polymers and low molecular compound. All concentrations of polymeric mass and properties of the monomers of the system change continuously during the cross linking process. Synthetic polymeric hydrogels represent a group of materials, used in various biomedical regulations, and are still developing for new promising applications.  There has been extensive development in the clinical and pharmacological precincts of hydrogels for drug delivery applications but imperative challenges remain. Here we also discuss the current movement in overcoming these challenges, specifically with regards to successfully delivering hydrogels inside the body without implantation, prolonging the release kinetics of drugs from hydrogels, and increasing the nature of drugs which can be delivered via hydrogel based approaches.  They have been effectively used as superabsorbent materials and in drug delivery, cell encapsulation and tissue repair due to their high water content and subsequent biocompatibility.

Keywords: Starch, Carboxyl Propyl Starch, CPS-acrylate, CPS-methyl acrylate, CPS-methyl methacrylate.

ABSTRACT

Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride is an orally active, non-sedative antihistamine drug. To determine the assay content of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride drug substance, a very simple, accurate, specific and precise UV- spectrophotometric method has been built up as well as evaluated. The suggested method comprises dissolving Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride in 0.1M Hydrochloric acid solution and subjecting the consequential solution to UV Spectroscopic measurement. An Absorption maximum was found to lie at about 231nm and the measurements were carried out at this wavelength. Beer's law was followed in the concentration range of 7.5 to 22.5 μg/mL. The linearity showed on the calibration curve between concentration and absorbance by the line equation of y = 0.0377x - 0.0043 (R² = 0.9992). Reproducibility by repeating methods as %RSD was found to be less than 2%. The results of the accuracy and precision were found very satisfactory and here the suggested method was statically validated as per the ICH guidelines in terms of the specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. Validation studies have discovered that the method is simple, specific, rapid, reproducible, precise, accurate and economical which is useful for the routine analysis of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride

Keywords: Spectrophotometry, Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride, Assay, Validation. 

ABSTRACT

A schematic representation showing different interactions of the dyes with silica gel and aqueous methanol which arise during the separation of curcumin, erythrosine and amaranth from their mixture has been proposed. Effect of foreign substances on the achieved separation has been examined and the limits of detection of the separated dyes have also been calculated. The proposed method is applicable for the identification of these dyes in food samples and separation in spiked sample. Densitographic representation of achieved separation has also been included.

Keywords: Dyes; Separation; Densitometry; Food samples.

ABSTRACT

A simple, rapid, sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of ofloxacin and ornidazole, at single wavelength of 343nm.chromotographic separation was performed on an enable aligent zorabax(thermo) column(250nmx4.6mm ID particle size 5 um) and a  mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and buffer (600:4300v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. the calibration curve was linear(r²≥0.0999) over the concentration range. 400-1200μg/mL of ofloxacin and 1000-3000μg/mL of ornidazole. the limit of detection 0.00246µg/ml  for ofloxacin  0.00508µg/ml for ornidazole and no interference was found by the excipients in the synthetic mixture. The proposed methods were validated for international conference on harmonization guideline for linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness for estimation of ofloxacin and ornidazole in bulk and synthetic mixture, and The results were found to be satisfactory

Keywords: Ofloxacin, Ornidazole, RP-HPLC Validation

ABSTRACT

Cystic hydatidosis caused by echinococcus granulosis, dogs are the definitive hosts and sheep is the main intermediate host. In India where there are most of people residing in villages, sheep and dog are main pet animals of peoples. The liver is the primary site followed by the lung.¹ Typically the larvae that pass through or bypass the liver, are trapped in pulmonary arterial capillaries. The entrapped larvae developed into hydatid cyst.

Keywords: Hydatid cyst, Calcification, definitive host

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to explore antinociceptive potential of ascorbic acid using three different popular models of nociception. These models included tail flick method, hot plate method and writhing test. Ascorbic acid was administered orally at the dose of 300 mg per kg per oral and antinociceptive potential was noted at different time intervals using three models. Effects of ascorbic acid were also compared with standard drug acetylsalicylic acid. Results revealed that ascorbic acid has significant antinocicpetive effect in all three models showing potent analgesic potential of ascorbic acid. Increase in latency to withdraw tail in tail flick method showed that ascorbic has a central antinociception mechanism. Time to jump off from the hot plate was significantly increased that also suggest ascorbic acid’s central mechanism of action. Moreover, highly significant decrease in number of writhes by ascorbic acid suggests action of ascorbic acid by inhibition of COX-II. Therefore, ascorbic acid can be suggested as a potential agent in managing different pain conditions. 

Keywords: ascorbic acid, COX-II, nociception 

ABSTRACT

The present manuscript describes sensitive, rapid, accurate, and precise spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of allopurinol and aceclofenac in pharmaceutical dosage form. Simultaneous equation method used at 250nm & 273nm as λ_max of allopurinol and aceclofenac respectively in 0.1N HCl. Both the drugs follow beer-lamber’s law on the concentration range 2-12µg/ml and 2-24µg/ml respectively for allopurinol & aceclofenac. The mean percentage recovery is 100.01% and 99.4% for allopurinol and aceclofenac respectively by simultaneous equation. The method has been validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method effectively applied to bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. The accuracy and reproducibility are close to 100% with acceptance range of %R.S.D. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical dosage form because no interference was found from excipient. 

Keywords: Simultaneous equation, Validation, Allopurinol, Aceclofenac, Methanol.

ABSTRACT

An estimate of Serum protein binding (%SPB) is of paramount importance in assessing the efficacy of drugs used to treat diabetes in patients.  This study was conducted to develop Quantitative Structure Pharmacokinetic Relationship (QSPkR) for the prediction of %SPB in human for congeneric series of 23 antidiabetic drugs, using computer assisted Hansch approach.  The QSPkR correlations were duly analyzed using a battery of apt statistical  procedures and validated using leave-one-out (LOO) approach. Analysis of several hundreds of QSPkR correlations developed in this study revealed high degree of cross- validated coefficients (Q²) using LOO method (p<0.001). The overall predictability was found to be high serum protein binding (%SPB) ( R²=0.8709, F=19.20, S²=93.89, Q²=0.6685, p<0.001). Serum protein binding (%SPB) in  the present QSPkR investigations was found to depend upon electrostatic  and constitutional parameters. Its positive dependence on such descriptors indicates that hydrogen bonding and vander Waals’ interactions play a stellar role in governing protein binding.

Keywords: Quantitative structure pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPkR), Serum protein binding, In Silico ADME, antidiabetic drugs

ABSTRACT

A simple, specific, accurate and stability-indicating reversed phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Clindamycin Phosphate and Benzoyl Peroxide, using a C₁₈ column and a mobile phase composed of 20 mM Ammonium acetate buffer pH 4.0: Methanol (45: 55 %v/v) as mobile phase at flow rate of 1.2 ml/min with detection wavelength of 210nm. Retention times in RP-HPLC method were found to be 4.49 min, 8.78 min for Clindamycin Phosphate and Benzoyl Peroxide, respectively. Linearity of Clindamycin Phosphate and Benzoyl Peroxide were found in the range of 10.0-30.0 µg/ml and 25.0-75.1 µg/ml. The % recovery of Clindamycin Phosphate was found to be 98.45- 101.0 and 99.8- 99.38 for Benzoyl Peroxide. Both the drugs were subjected to acid, alkali, oxidation, thermal and sunlight degradation. The degradation products of Clindamycin Phosphate and Benzoyl Peroxide were well resolved from the pure drugs with significant differences in the retention time values. This method can be successfully employed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of Clindamycin Phosphate and Benzoyl Peroxide in gel formulation. The literature survey reveals that currently there is no stability indicating method has been reported for combination of Clindamycin Phosphate and Benzoyl Peroxide till date, Which can be applicable for routine analysis of combined formulation of drugs in quality control laboratories.

Keywords: Clindamycin Phosphate, Benzoyl Peroxide, degradation products, stability-indicating, HPLC

ABSTRACT

Volvariella volvaceae is an edible mushroom occurring in both tropical and sub tropical regions of the world and is important for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic lyophilized and oven dried extracts of Volvariella volvaceae were investigated. The total ash, water soluble, acid insoluble, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, moisture content and fluorescence property of Volvariella volvaceae powder were evaluated. Phytochemical screening of lyophilized and oven dried extracts of Volvariella volvaceae were performed to check the presence of various phytoconstituents. The lyophilized and the oven dried extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The protein was present in lyophilized extract; while steroid were absent in both extracts. The capacity of antioxidant property of the extracts was evaluated by using DPPH and Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated to quantify the presence of phenolic content in extracts. The lyophilized extract showed higher antioxidant activity compared to oven dried extract and thus, the outcomes of the present study suggest that the therapeutic activities of Volvariella volvaceae can be attributed to its antioxidant property.

Keywords: Volvariella volvaceae, Physiochemical, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Lyophilized, Oven dried

ABSTRACT

A   mixture  of  acamprosate calcium, disulfiram and ondansetron hydrochloride   is used for the   treatment of   drug abuse including alcoholism. In this study, a UV- spectrophotometric method was proposed for simultaneous determination of acamprosate calcium, disulfiram and ondansetron hydrochloride.  Determination of these drugs was performed using the 1D value of acamprosate calcium at 207 nm, 2D value of disulfiram at 270 nm and 3D value of ondansetron hydrochloride at 310 nm. The  analysis  method  was validated for various parameters according to ICH guideline and linear  over  the  range  of  8-48,4-24, and  2-12  µg ml-¹ for acamprosate calcium,   disulfiram  and ondansetron hydrochloride, respectively.  The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.998, 0.998 and 0.999 for ACM, DIS and OND respectively. Within-day and between-day precision and accuracy values for all three compounds were within an acceptable range .The developed method was used for simultaneous determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical individual dosage forms and in laboratory mixture no interference from excipients was observed.

Keywords: Acamprosate calcium, Disulfiram, Ondansetron hydrochloride, UV- spectrophotometric method, simultaneous equation. 

ABSTRACT

Four diverse genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.)  and their crosses with Ogura restorer as the background were evaluated for eleven quantitative traits during winter (Rabi) 2011–12. The mean, range, phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability in broad sense and genetic advance were calculated to differentiate the contribution made by each parameter in the final seed yield. The maximum value of phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for no. of pods on main branch (36.23) followed by oil content (31.65), siliqua density on main shoot (30.72) and the highest genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for number of pods on main branch (33.49) followed by seed yield per plant (29.18) followed by oil content (28.89). Path coefficient analysis revealed that no. of pods on main branch (5.94) had the highest direct contribution towards seed yield per plant followed by 1000-seed weight (4.14) and siliqua density on main shoot (1.82) which suggested that selection for these traits would be quite effective in improving seed yield in Indian mustard. During the course of investigations, it was observed that the mean performance of F₁’s (OR x RH 406 and OR x RH 832) was better than parental genotypes for no. of primary and secondary branches, no. of seeds per siliqua and seed yield per plant.

Keywords: Brassica juncea, genetic advance, genetic variability, heritability, path analysis.

ABSTRACT

A simple and efficient approach towards single step synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one derivatives has been developed by condensation reaction of ethyl ester of 5-amino-1-substituted-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate with different aromatic nitriles under acidic conditions. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (IR, NMR and Mass spectra) and elemental analysis.

Keywords: Single step synthesis, ortho amino ester of pyrazole, aromatic nitriles, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives.