ABSTRACT

Hydrogel are three-dimensional, cross-linked networks of water-soluble polymers. Hydrogels can be made from virtually any water-soluble polymer. Injectable hydrogels are hydrogels which can given by parenteral route by use of injection and syringe. Such hydrogels are of particular interest because drugs, proteins, and cells can be easily incorporated into polymer solutions prior to administration.  Injectable hydrogel administrated in solution form by use of standard needles and syringes, it solidifies upon contact with aqueous body fluids to form gel. Drug release occurs over time as polymer biodegrades. This review will provide summary of recent progress in Injectable hydrogel, polymer used and method of preparation of Injectable hydrogel, evaluation of hydrogel and recent application of Injectable hydrogel.

Key words: Hydrogel, Injectable hydrogel, Thermal and pH sensitive Injectable hydrogel, novel drug delivery system of Injectable hydrogel.

ABSTRACT

Fast dissolving, fast melting, chewable and orally dissolving or disintegrating tablets are solid dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly and dissolve in the mouth withoutwater. The principle challenge with orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) is to develop tablet formulations for standard direct compression processes that deliver rapid disintegration, pleasant mouth feel and high breaking force for tablet robustness. Superdisintegrant affect a range of formulation parameters, including the rate of disintegration, tablet breaking force, and mouth feel. The emphasis on the availability of drug highlights the importance of the relatively rapid disintegration of a tablet as a criterion for ensuring uninhibited drug dissolution behavior. Number of factors affects the disintegration behavior of tablets. The development of fast dissolving or disintegrating tablets provides an opportunity to take an account of tablet disintegrants. Superdisintegrants are generally used at a low level in the solid dosage form, typically 1 – 10 % by weight relative to the total weight of the dosage unit.

Key words: Tablet Disintegrants, Superdisintegrants, Kyron T-314.

ABSTRACT

The xenobiotic compound produces huge amount of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species which cause oxidative stress. In this review, we have explored the potential of selenium and curcumin protection against diseases that are caused by reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species.

Key words: Curcumin & Selenium

ABSTRACT

Dendrimers are a new class of polymeric materials. They are highly branched, monodisperse macromolecules. The structure of these materials has a great impact on their physical and chemical properties. As a result of their unique behaviour dendrimers are suitable for a wide range of targeted drug delivery, controlled drug delivery, gene delivery and industrial applications. The paper gives a concise review of dendrimers physico-chemical properties, types, synthetic pathway & their possible use in various aspects of research, technology and treatment of disease.

Key words: Dendrimer, targeted drug delivery, gene delivery, dendrimer synthesis, dendrimer properties, dendrimer types.

ABSTRACT

A disease is so called the abnormal conditions that affect the body of an organism. It is usually treated as medical condition and respective support has to be providing to rescue the patient and to stop further physical damage. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, disease is classified as to be any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. There are four main types of disease such as pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease. In the above article the complication related to sickle cell anemia have been illustrated, it’s a sincere effort to summaries the vast complication in a single topic.

Key words: Sickle Cell Anemia, Sickle Cell Disorder, Sickling Complication, Sicklemia, Drepanocytosis.

ABSTRACT

Nothing in this world is stable and ever accepted. Change is the requirement of nature for the sake of adaptability. However, the pharmaceutical world is also not far off from this change. Technical advancement in pharma world also leads to the development of new dosages forms. This leads to the replacement of the older dosages forms with the newer once. But for the tablet dosages forms this replacement is substituted with modifications. On the top of it the availability of numerous evaluation parameters provides these new modifications in tablets a clear cut demonstration idea.

Keywords: Tablets, manufacturing, evaluations, analytical aspect

ABSTRACT

Pelletization is a novel drug delivery system; a technique which converts fine powder particles into pellets. These oral multiparticulate drug-delivery systems offer biopharmaceutical advantages with respect to predictable and even distribution and transportation in the gastro-intestinal tract. It has many advantages compared to single-unit dosage forms for ease of filling, better flow properties of spherical pellets, sustained, controlled or site-specific drug delivery, even distribution in the GI tract, less GI irritation, good bioavailability, ease of coating and uniform packing. Pelletization is easier and simple technique compared to granulation in order to develop a site-specific drug delivery system. There are different techniques in the preparation of pellets for a drug which includes hot-melt extrusion, extrusion spheronization, spray drying, spray congealing, roto granulation and drug layering. This article is divided into introduction containing the definition of Pelletization and its need, second part includes the preparation of pellets and the two most widely used methods; extrusion-spheronization and hot-melt techniques, third part includes advantages, problems faced during pelletization and the final part consists of the importance of pelletization over granulation. This multiparticulate drug delivery system can be used in formulations requiring immediate as well as prolonged release. Hence they can be formulated for chewable and disintegrating tablets¹.

Key words: Pelletization, Multiparticulate drug delivery system, Novel drug delivery system, Pellets, Granulation.

ABSTRACT

In the recent years, many of the pharmaceutical groups are focusing their research on rapid dissolving technology. This technology evolved over the past few years from the confection and oral care markets in the form of breath strips and became a novel and widely accepted form by consumers, so OFDFs are gaining the interest of large number of pharmaceutical industries. The main advantage of this technology is the administration to pediatric and geriatric patient population where the difficulty of swallowing larger oral dosage forms is eliminated. This fast dissolving drug delivery system (FDDS) is suited for the drugs which undergo high first pass metabolism and is used for improving bioavailability with reducing dosing frequency to mouth plasma peak levels, which in turn minimize adverse/side effects and also make it cost effective. Orally fast dissolving film is the type of drug delivery system which when placed in the oral cavity, disintegrate or dissolve within few seconds without the intake of water. OFDFs are very similar to postage stamp in their shape, size and thickness. The present review provides an account of various formulation considerations, method of preparation and quality control of the OFDFs.

Key words: Fast dissolving Films, Buccal film, Improved Patient Compliance, Pediatric Patients, Geriatric Patients.

ABSTRACT

The conventional oral dosage forms has significant drawbacks of low bioavailability due to hepatic first pass metabolism and tendency to produce rapid blood level spikes (Both high and low), leading to a need for frequent dosing, which can be both cost ineffective and inconvenient. To improve such characters transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was emerged which will improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs by more precise (i.e. site specific) placement within the body thereby reducing both the size and number of doses. The TDDS has numerous advantages over the more traditional drug delivery system. These include high bioavailability, absence of first pass hepatic metabolism, maintenance of steady plasma level of the drug, increase therapeutic efficiency. This review article provides an overview of TDDS, its advantages over conventional dosage forms, Limitations, various components of Transdermal patches, types of Transdermal patches, methods of preparation and Ideal requirements for TDDS, regulatory issues over transdermal drug delivery and its physicochemical methods of evaluation.

Key words: Transdermal drug delivery systems, Transdermal patches, skin penetration, Topical drug delivery

ABSTRACT

Due to the lower risk of systemic side effects topical treatment of skin disease appears favourable, yet the stratum corneum counteracts the penetration of xenobiotics into viable skin. Particulate carrier systems may mean an option to improve dermal penetration. Since epidermal lipids are found in high amounts within the penetration barrier, lipid carriers attaching themselves to the skin surface and allowing lipid exchange between the outermost layers of the stratum corneum and the carrier appear promising. Besides liposomes and niosomes, ufasomes have been tested for their potential topical/transdermal delivery. Unsaturated fatty acid vesicles (ufasomes) are suspensions of closed lipid bi-layers that are composed of fatty acids, and their ionized species (soap) which are restricted to narrow pH range from 7 to 9. In ufasomes, fatty acid molecules are oriented in such a way that their hydrocarbon tails are directed toward the membrane interior and the carboxyl groups are in contact with water. The advantage of ufasomes over liposomes is the ready availability and lower cost of fatty acid. In this review special focus is laid upon the interactions of active ingredients and the lipid matrix as well as the quantification of dermal penetration.

Key words: ufasome, topical delivery

ABSTRACT

Technological attempts have been made in the research and development of rate-controlled oral drug delivery systems to overcome physiological adversities, such as short gastric residence times (GRT) and unpredictable gastric emptying times (GET). It is known that differences in gastric physiology, such as, gastric pH, and motility exhibit both intra-as well as inter-subject variability demonstrating significant impact on gastric retention time and drug delivery behavior. This triggered the attention towards formulation of stomach specific (gastro retentive) dosage forms. This dosage forms will be very much useful to deliver ‘narrow absorption window’ drugs. Several approaches are currently utilized in the prolongation of the GRT, including floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), swelling and expanding systems, polymeric bioadhesive systems, high-density systems, modified-shape systems and other delayed gastric emptying devices. In this review, current & recent developments of Stomach Specific FDDS are discussed.

Key words: floating drug delivery system, hydrodynamically balanced system, effervescent, non-effervescent, gastric residence time.

ABSTRACT

Strychnos potatorum also known as clearing-nut tree is spread throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It has been highly reported in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine. Some of the chief constituents found in the plant are strychnine, diaboline, isomotiol, sitosterol, stigmasterol and compresterol. The plant has been exclusively used as antimicrobial, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, antiulcerogenic, antinociceptive, antipyretic and contraceptive. Traditionally, it has been also used as stomachic, demulcent and emetic. The plant is also utilized for the treatment of various eye diseases, respiratory diseases, kidney complaints, and gonorrhea. The seeds of the tree are commonly used in traditional medicine as well as purifying water in India and Myanmar. This review paper briefly discuss the botany, ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and therapeutic applications of Strychnos potatorum with an attempt to compile the document and highlight the need of research and development.

Keywords: Strychnous potatorum, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiarrhoel, antinociceptive

ABSTRACT

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionally conserved serine/threonine kinase that integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival. Interactions of mTOR with regulatory associated protein of TOR or rapamycin insensitive companion of mTOR result in two mTOR complexes, mTOR complex-1 and mTOR complex-2. Here we review several upstream and downstream regulators of mTOR complex-1 and mTOR complex-2. Upstream elements of the mTOR signaling pathway include Ras-homolog enriched in brain, and tuberous sclerosis complex 1 and 2, with tuberous sclerosis complex 2 as the linker between phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B or Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathways and the mTOR pathway. Ribosomal protein S6 protein kinase 1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 are currently the 2 best-known downstream effectors of mTOR complex-1 signaling; whereas serum and glucocorticoid induced protein kinase (SGK1) and serine threonine kinase (Akt) are downstream effectors of mTOR complex-2 signaling. Along with this we also discuss role of mTOR in various disease conditions like diabetes, obesity and cancer.

Key words: mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mTORC1, mTORC2, ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1)

ABSTRACT

As a consequence of modern drug discovery techniques, there has been a steady increase in the number of new pharmacologically active lipophilic compounds that are poorly water-soluble. Approximately 40% of new drug candidates have poor water solubility and oral delivery of such drugs is frequently associated with implications of low bioavailability, high intra and inter subject variability, lack of dose proportionality and therapeutic failure. It is a great challenge for pharmaceutical scientists to convert those molecules into orally administered formulations with sufficient bioavailability. Among the approaches to improve the oral bioavailability of these molecules, the use of self-emulsified drug delivery systems (SEDDS) has been shown to be reasonably successful in improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble and lipophilic drugs. SEEDS is ideally an isotropic mixture of oils and surfactants and sometimes co-solvents. Hydrophobic drugs can be dissolved in these systems, enabling them to be administered as a unit dosage form for per-oral administration. When such a system is released in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, under conditions of gentle agitation provided by digestive motility of stomach and intestine, it spontaneously disperses to form a fine relatively stable o/w emulsion (micro/nano) with the aid of GI fluid. This leads to in situ solubilisation of drug that can subsequently be absorbed by lymphatic pathways, bypassing the hepatic first-pass effect.

Keywords: - Lipid based formulation, Self emulsifying drug delivery system, poorly water soluble drugs, surfactant and Bioavailability.

ABSTRACT

Many therapeutic drugs are difficult to reach the central nervous system (CNS) from the systemic blood circulation because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) form a very effective barrier which prevents most molecules from passing through. BBB allows a selective entry of nutrients and minerals across it and limits the entry of foreign substances like drugs as well as neuropharmaceutical agents. To bypass BBB, drugs can be delivered through olfactory region for nose-to-brain targeting. . Intranasal administration of therapeutic agents (i.e., drug delivery via the nose) offers several advantages over oral, intravenous, and other routes of administration. Drugs can be rapidly absorbed through the large surface area of the nasal mucosa. Intranasal delivery is also non-invasive and essentially painless.  This review provides an overview of strategies to improve the drug delivery to the brain via the nasal mucosa and recent advances in the field.

Keywords: Nasal route, absorption, Nasal drug delivery, Blood brain barrier, Brain targeting technology.

ABSTRACT

Drug development technologies constituting innovations at the formulation end in the pharmaceutical industry has received a lot of attention in past two decades. Drug delivery as an opportunity to extend product life cycles has indeed proved its place in the market with significant advantages of therapeutic gains as well as commercial success. Carrier technology offers an intelligent approach for drug delivery by coupling the drug to a carrier particle such as microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, etc. which modulates the release and absorption characteristics of the drug. Mucoadhesion is a topic of current interest in the design of drug delivery systems. Mucoadhesive microspheres exhibit a prolonged residence time at the site of application or absorption and facilitate an intimate contact with the underlying absorption surface and thus contribute to improved and/or better therapeutic performance of drugs. Hence, uptake and consequently bioavailability of the drug is increased and frequency of dosing reduced with the result that patient compliance is improved. In recent years such Mucoadhesive microspheres have been developed for oral, buccal, nasal, ocular, rectal and vaginal for either systemic or local effects. This review article aims to provide various aspects of mucoadhesion, theories of mucoadhesion and the polymers which will shows the excellent mucoadhesive properties. It also contains a number of available methods of preparation of microspheres and its evaluation including in vitro-wash off test for to determine the mucoadhesive property of prepared microspheres.

Keyword: Mucoadhesion, Mucoadhesive polymers, Microspheres, Controlled drug delivery

ABSTRACT

Water plays a vital role in human life .The total amount of water, below and on the surface of the earth has been estimated to be 1.33x10²⁴ kg. Which is about 5% of the total mass of the earth .The consequences of urbanization and industrialization leads to spoil the water. For agriculture purposes, ground water is utilized in rural areas, especially in those areas where other sources of water like dam and river or a canal is not available. In India, most of the population is dependent on ground water supply. The ground water is believed to be comparatively much clean and free from pollution than surface water. Ground water is used for domestic and industrial water supply and irrigation all over the world .In the last few decades, it has been seen that there is a tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid growth of population and accelerated pace of industrialization. Human health is threatened by most of the agricultural activities particularly in relation to excessive application of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation practices and unsanitary conditions.

Keywords: Ground water, Industrialization, Agricultural, Pesticides.

ABSTRACT

Transdermal absorption of the drugs are controlled primarily by physiochemical property of  stratum corneum.Intercellular lipid domain and lipoprotein gel offers major resistance to penetration of drugs through stratum corneum to deep into epidermis. Penetration enhancement techniques are designed to modify the physiochemical properties of stratum corneum and in some to deliver drugs by piercing the skin to bypass skin barrier. Skin penetration enhancement techniques have been developed to improve bioavailability and increase the range of drugs for which transdermal delivery is a viable option. Various chemical techniques like ion pairs, medical tattoos,prodrug administration, Inclusion of penetration enhancers, Metered dose transdermal spray etc. along with some  physical method of transdermal delivery including Iontophoresis,Electro-osmosis,Ultrasound,laser radiation etc. are reviewed in this article.

Key words: Transdermal delivery, stratum corneum, penetration enhancement

ABSTRACT

Zanthoxylum armatum is used mainly in the Indian system of medicine as carminative, stomachic, toothache, fever, dyspepsia and expelling roundworms. Essential oils of Z.armatum exhibited good antibacterial, antifungal and anthelmintics activities. A wide variety of chemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids have been found in this plant. It contains volatile oil with active constituents such as linalool, limonene and ligan. Various studies indicated that it possesses antilarvicidal, antifungal, hepatoprotective, and allopathic properties. This Review has basic information about Z.anthoxylum armatum and its biological activities for further development in this field.

Keywords: Zanthoxylum armatum, Zanthoxylum alatum, Toothache Tree, Tejppal, Biological Activities

ABSTRACT

Very limited clinical studies are available for Balofloxacin (Q-35), a new fluoroquinolone showing clinical effectiveness. Thus, a systematic review was carried out to assess the safety, efficacy and tolerability as an anti-infective agent using scientific databases (PubMed and Cochrane Library). Databases were screened using term “Balofloxacin” for available studies. The search strategy was developed according to Biondi-Zoccai with English language restriction and was set to Oct 2011. All randomized trials, comparative studies, controlled clinical trials and in-vitro/in-vivo studies showing efficacy on human clinical isolates were taken into account. Upon extensive search we found 36 and 12 studies in PubMed and Cochrane Library respectively. 7 studies including 4 free full text and 3 abstracts from PubMed database while 4 clinical trial abstracts from Cochrane Library were included for systematic review. A single randomized controlled trial (RCT) was found through Cochrane Library showing comparison between balofloxacin 100 mg with levofloxacin 200 mg twice daily for 7 to 10 days. As far as its clinical effectiveness is concerned for urinary and respiratory tract infections, it is found to be equivalent to ofloxacin but the evidence in terms of RCTs is rarely available in scientific databases. Thus, we conclude that more RCTs are required to be conducted to proof its superiority in terms of efficacy and safety.

Key Words: Fluoroquinolone, Anti-infective agent, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Randomized Controlled Trial

ABSTRACT

A series of thiophene and aryl substituted compounds 1a-f; 2a-b and 3a-c were synthesized by Erlenmeyer azolactone synthesis. These compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity method in vitro. Among the tested compounds 3c showed significant activity and some of the other compounds showed promising activity. The structure of new compounds synthesized during present investigation have been authentically established by their IR,¹H NMR and Mass spectra and some QSAR studies.

Key words: Thiophene; antimicrobial; antibacterial; antifungal.

ABSTRACT

Alpha-cypermethrin (α-CYP) a synthetic pyrethroid (type-II) pesticide. Pyrethroid insecticides have been used in agricultural and home formulations for more than 30 years. Despite their extensive worldwide use, there are relatively few reports of the kinetic profile. Dissolved in alcohol was given to male albino rat for 24hr individual groups at 5, 10, 25 and 50mM dose for each group. The animals were sacrificed after 24hr duration. Biochemical studies were observed in testis. Increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) at 24hr duration, while decreased acid phosphatase(ACP) at respective duration. Therefore low doses of alpha-cypermethrin altered testicular biomarker enzyme activities. This may interfere in the functioning of the reproductive system of albino rat.

Keywords: Alpha-cypermethrin; Albino rats; ALP; ACP

ABSTRACT

A simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method was developed in ultraviolet region for the estimation of Glibenclamide in pure drug, pharmaceutical formulation. Linear response obtained was in the concentration range of 5-30µg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.999 in acetronitrile: 0.2M NaOH (20:80). Excellent recovery proved that the method was sufficiently accurate. There is no interference from any common pharmaceutical additives and diluents. Results of the analysis were validated by recovery studies according to ICH Q2B guidelines.

Key words: Glibenclamide, UV- Spectrophotometry, recovery, accuracy.

ABSTRACT

A simple, specific, accurate and precise First order derivative UV Spectrophptometry method was developed and validated for the estimation of Efavirenz in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The stock solution was prepared by weighing 100 mg of standard EFV in 100 ml volumetric flask with methanol and water (50:50) (Stock solution I). The final stock solution was made to produce 100µg/ml with methanol and water (50:50).Further dilutions were prepared as per procedure. The first derivative amplitude at 238.50 nm was selected for the assay. The linearity was found in the concentration range of 3-18 µg/ml. The Correlation coefficient was 0.999. The regression equation was found to be y = 0.038 x - 0.001. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and ruggedness. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for estimation of EFV was found to be 0.078µg/ml and 0.236 µg/ml, respectively. Recovery of EFV was found to be in the range of 99.08-99.97 %. Proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of EFV in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. These methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of EFV in capsule formulations. This method was successfully applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form and there no interference of capsule excipients was found in recovery study.

Key words: Efavirenz (EFV), ICH (International Conference on Harmonization), and UV- Spectrophotometric method.

ABSTRACT

The present study investigates the beneficial role of anthocyanin extracted from two varieties of onion peel (Allium cepa L.,). And also to find out the quercetin and cyanidin present in the red onion peel and big onion peel by using HPLC.

Key words; Allium cepa, red onion peel, big onion peel, anthocyanin, quercetin, cyanidin, HPLC.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to develop a stable self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of herbal extract and evaluating its in vitro potential. The solubility of herbal extract was determined in various vehicles. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were used to evaluate the micro emulsification existence area. Release rate of herbal extract was investigated using a dissolution method. SMEDDS were characterized for clarity, precipitation and particle size distribution. Formulation development and screening was done based on results of solubility & from phase diagram. The optimized formulation used for in vitro dissolution was composed of herbal extract (30 %), Cremophor RH 40 (40 %), Plurol Oleique (30%). The SMEDDS formulation showed complete release in 10 min. as compared with the plain extract and conventional marketed formulation. SMEDDS subjected to various were conditions of storage as per ICH guidelines for 3 months. SMEDDS successfully withstood the stability testing. It has been found that dissolution profile of herbal extract from SMEDDS was much improved. SMEDDS appeared to be an interesting approach to improve solubility, and ultimately bioavailability

Key words: SMEDDS; herbal extract; Pseudo-ternary Phase diagram; Self-emulsification

ABSTRACT

In the present research a simple, accurate, precise and cost effective UV-Vis spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Metformin, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form was illustrated. The absorption maxima of the drug was found to be 233 nm in 0.1 N HCl: Distilled water (27:75). A linear response was observed in the range of 5-10 µg/ml with a regression coefficient of 0.999. Validation parameters were carried out as per the guidelines of International Conference for Harmonization. This method can be used in the industries for determination of Metformin to analyze the quality of formulation without interference of the excipients.

Keywords: - Metformin, Biguanides, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, λmax.

ABSTRACT

A new, simple, economic and sensitive UV-spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of Sorafenib in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The developed spectrometric method was validated for selectivity, linearity, range, precision, accuracy, ruggedness and sensitivity. The method has demonstrated excellent linearity over the range of 2-10 μg/ml with regression equation: y=0.079x-0.0081 and regression correlation coefficient r²=0.999. The developed method demonstrated consistent high recoveries (97–99%) and low relative standard deviation (< 5%) at 265 nm. Moreover, the method was found to be highly sensitive with low limit of detection (0.028 μg/ml) and limit of quantitation (0.085 μg/ml). The apparent molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity was found to be 48.09 mol^-1cm^-1 and 0.013245 µg/cm², respectively. The validated method was successfully employed for the drug content analysis from tablet preparations. Additionally, the method was also employed for pH metric solubility analysis of the drug.

Keywords: Sorafenib, Derivative UV Spectrophotometry, Pharmaceutical dosage form.

ABSTRACT

The present study, a series of clubbed triazole generated by microwave organic reaction enhancement (MORE) method and examine for their cyclin dependent kinase-5 (cdk5) inhibitors, potentially useful for treatment of Alzheimer disease. Evaluation of the structure active relationship (SAR) of substitution with-in these series has allowed the identification of a range of compounds which significantly reduce brain cdk5/p25 by scintillation proximate assay method. The cdk5/p25 inhibitor data of the tested compounds indicated that 3E, 4E, 6E, 8E and 8I showed better activity out of which 8E and 8I shows equally selective versus cdk2.

Key words: Cyclohexyl thiophene, triazole, cdk5/p25, Alzheimer's disease, MORE.

ABSTRACT

Oxidative stress caused by free radicals is associated to various diseases. Modern research is directed towards finding naturally-occurring antioxidants of plant origin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of punica granatum rind extracts of ganesh variety. The present investigation was to examine the free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of punica granatum rind by different in-vitro methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay, FRAP assay, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. The methanolic extract of punica granatum rind was found to more effective in the radical scavenging activity. All the above invitro studies clearly indicate that the methanolic extract of punica granatum rind has a significant antioxidant activity. These invitro assays indicate that this rind extracts is a better source of natural antioxidant, which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stresses and also support the ethnomedical use of this rind to promote good health for humans.

Keywords: Antioxidant, oxidative stress, free radicals, punica granatum rind, DPPH, FRAP.

ABSTRACT

To study antidepressant action of nicotine in animal model of depression. The animal model for depression, used was ‘Isolation induced hyperactivity in rats’. Doses given were vehicle 1ml/kg (intra-peritoneal), imipramine10mg/kg (intra-peritoneal), nicotine0.4mg/kg (subcutaneous), nicotine 0.2mg/kg (inhalational) Nicotine administered by subcutaneous route showed significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10 and 20 minutes when compared with that of vehicle (control) group. When it was compared with imipramine, it showed significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10 minutes. Nicotine administered by inhalation route showed significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10 min and at 30, 40 50 minutes when compared with that of control group. When compared with imipramine, it showed significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10 minutes and it showed comparable effect with that of imipramine at 30, 40, and 50 minutes. Nicotine administered by inhalation route produced significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10, 20, 30, 40,50minutes, when compared with that of nicotine administered by subcutaneous route. Combination with imipramine acute or chronic administration of nicotine by inhalational route showed significant reduction in hyperactivity, when compared with imipramine treated rats. Imipramine treated rats showed significant changes in behavior with persistent sniffing, intense biting and paw licking when it compared with vehicle treated rats. Behavioral changes in nicotine treated rats showed     significant change sat persistent sniffing, intense biting, and paw licking. Effects of nicotine with imipramine were studied on all the above parameters. Nicotine administered by subcutaneous and inhalation route showed significant antidepressantactivity.

Key words: Behavioral Changes, Depression, Isolation-Induced Hyperactivity, Nicotine

ABSTRACT

Diltiazem hydrochloride, a calcium channel blocker, is widely used for the treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension and arrhythmias. The usual dose of diltiazem hydrochloride is 180-240 mg/day. The conventional tablet or capsule is administered 3 or 4 times a day due to its low biological half-life of about 3.7 h. The problems of frequent administration and variable low bioavailability (36-50%) after oral administration of conventional tablet or capsules have been attenuated by designing diltiazem hydrochloride in the form of mucoadhesive microspheres. Diltiazem hydrochloride loaded mucoadhesive microspheres were successfully prepared by emulsification-internal gelation technique with a maximum encapsulation efficiency of 99.48± 0.32%.The order of increasing release rate observed with various microspheres was as follows Sodium alginate < Sodium alginate+ NaCMC < Sodium alginate+ HPMC. The order of increasing release rate observed with various cross linking agents was as follows Aluminum chloride < Barium chloride< Calcium chloride. The release behaviour of microspheres, with different cross-linking agents depends upon the valency and size of the cations of the respective cross-linking agent. The dissolution profiles follow zero order kinetics and the mechanism of drug release was governed by peppas model. The in vitro wash-off test indicated that the wash-off was faster at simulated intestinal fluid (phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) than that at simulated gastric fluid (0.1 M HCl, pH 1.2). The mucoadhesive microspheres formulated with sodium alginate+HPMC and calcium chloride showed a satisfactory sustained release profile for 12 hours.

Keywords: Mucoadhesive microspheres, Polymer, Cross linking agent, zero order kinetics

ABSTRACT

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay method has been developed and fully validated for simultaneous quantification of two lipid lowering agents rosuvastatin and fenofibric acid in human plasma. Lovastatin was used as an internal standard. Analytes and the internal standard were extracted from human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction technique using a 50:50, v/v mixture of ethyl acetate and diethyl ether. The reconstituted samples were chromatographed on a C₁₈ column by using a 80:20, v/v mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The calibration curve obtained was linear (r² ³ 0.99) over the concentration range of 0.10-80.00 ng/mL for rosuvastatin and 50-9003 ng/mL for fenofibric acid. The multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification of ion transitions at m/z 482/258, 319/233 and 405/199 for the rosuvastatin, fenofibric acid and the internal standard, respectively. The results of the intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy study results were well within the acceptable limits. A run time of 3.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 300 plasma samples per day. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the fenofibric acid in real time plasma samples for pharmacokinetic studies.

Key words: Rosuvastatin, Fenofibric acid, human plasma, LC-MS/MS quantification, Pharmacokinetics.

ABSTRACT

Lack of awareness about anaemia among well educated girl students in a university as well as a lack of a demonstrable methodology to combat it. To assess- the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia and its awareness among female students, the effectiveness of  different treatment modalities on their haemoglobin level and suggest methods to overcome nutritional anaemia. A randomised controlled study of 94 girl students with. Group 1-Control Group (31), Group 2- Vitamin C Group (31) and Group 3 - Iron and Vitamin C Group (32) was undertaken. Albendazole 400mgm, two doses two weeks apart were given to all the respondents. Subgroup 2 respondents were given 100 mgs of Vitamin C/day while subgroup 3 respondents were given 60mgms of elemental iron, 7.5mcg Vit.B12 and 1.5mgm folic acid/day along with 100mgm of Vit.C/day for a period of 90 days. Haemoglobin estimation was done at the start of the study and at the end of 90 days of supplementation. After 90 days of interventions, the proportion of mild anaemia increased from 34.04 %( 32) to 43.61% (41), while that of moderate anaemia decreased from 67.96% (62) to 39.37% (37).Sixteen (17.02%) girls attained normal range of haemoglobin after the interventions .The difference in the prevalence of anaemia before and after the interventions was statistically significant in the experimental subgroups 2 & 3.There is an urgent need to address anaemia curse in educational institutions through a longitudinal testing and provision of supplements.

Key Words: Iron Deficiency, Anaemia, Vitamin C, Adolescent Girls, Awareness, Haemoglobin

ABSTRACT

The plant “Jussiaea hyssopifolia” has great medicinal value and reported as astringent, carminative, laxative, diuretic and anthelmintic properties. In the present investigation, different parameters are applied for the physico-chemical studies include evaluation of colour, consistency of different extracts, extractive value, ash value, moisture content, fluorescence analysis and also qualitative phytochemial screening was performed. Thus, present study revealed the plant extract contain different chemical constituents like alkaloid, phenolic compound, saponin, flavonoid, proteins & amino acids. Phytoconstituents in different extracts could be useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of plant monographs. Hence objective of present investigation was planned to find out the quality level of different extract & powder drug of Jussiaea hyssopifolia in physicochemical studies.

Key Words: Jussiaea hyssopifolia, Powdered drug & Extract, Phytochemial screening, Fluorescence analysis.

ABSTRACT

An HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of Camylofin Dihydrochloride and Diclofenac Potassium in a pharmaceutical formulation has been developed and validated. The analyte were separated on silica gel 60F254 HPTLC plates with Benzene: Methanol: Ammonia in the ratio of 8.0:2.0:0.2, as mobile phase, after chamber saturation for 15 min. The development distance was 9 cm. The plate was then dried in air and scanned and quantified at the wavelength at 220 nm. The limits of detection were 25 μg mL^–1 and 30 μg mL^–1 for Camylofin Dihydrochloride and Diclofenac Potassium respectively. The limits of quantification were 50 μg mL^–1 and 60 μg mL^–1 for Camylofin Dihydrochloride and Diclofenac Potassium respectively. The method enables accurate, precise, and rapid simultaneous analysis of Camylofin Dihydrochloride and Diclofenac Potassium. It can be conveniently adopted for routine quality control analysis.

Key words: HPTLC, Camylofin Dihydrochloride, Diclofenac Potassium.

ABSTRACT

In the present study, methanolic extract of Triphala (an Ayurvedic formulation) and its constituents; Terminalia chebula, Terminalia Belerica & Emblica officinalis were evaluated & compared for the antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts were measured using ABTS & DPPH radical scavenging assays. The extracts were found to scavenge free radicals; ABTS & DPPH in a dose dependent manner. Total Phenolic content of the extracts were determined and expressed in terms of Gallic acid equivalents. On the basis of the results, it could be concluded that triphala and its constituents are potential source of natural antioxidants and the antioxidant activity is directly related to the phenolic compounds, suggesting direct contribution of phenolic compounds to these activities.

Key words: Triphala, Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica.

ABSTRACT

Liver plays a major role in detoxification. Any injury to it or impairment of its function may lead to many implications on one’s health. Management of liver diseases is still a challenge to modern medicine. The allopathic medicine has little to offer for the alleviation of hepatic ailments whereas the most important representatives are of phytoconstituents. The work presented in this paper is on plant mentioned as Kayakarpam plants in published as well as unpublished palm leaf literatures. The study was aimed to evaluation of the hepatoprotective activity of the whole plant Sida cordata on the Chang cell line (normal human liver cells). The ethanolic extract was tested for its inhibitory effect on chang cell Line. The percentage viability of the cell line was carried out. The cytotoxicity of Sida cordata on normal human liver cell was evaluated by the SRB assay [Sulphorhodamine B assay] and MTT assay [(3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazole –2 yl)-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay]. The principle involved is the cleavage of tetrazolium salt MTT into a blue coloured derivative by living cells which contains mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase However, the information available on the pharmacological activity of the plant is very limited. Hence, it was proposed to carry out a preliminary in vitro analysis of the hepato protective activity of the plant, which gave promising results.

Keywords: - Hepatoprotective, Chang cell line, SRB, MTT, Mitochondrial.

ABSTRACT

Promethazine Hydrochloride (PMZ), a low bioavailabe drug, used for the management of emesis. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop buccoadhesive tablets for PMZ and to evaluate for their physicochemical, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo parameters. Ex vivo drug permeation through porcine buccal membrane from the drug solution was conducted to know the permeation characteristics of the PMZ. The controlled-release PMZ tablets were produced by direct compression method using Sodium CMC and Carbopol 934P as mucoadhesive polymers and evaluated for in vitro drug release, in vitro bioadhesion, in vivo residence time, swelling and erosion studies, surface pH, ex vivo drug permeation through porcine buccal membrane from the optimized buccal tablet (F10) and stability studies. Formulation F10 showed maximum drug release (96.3 %) in 6 h, with the Higuchi model release profile and permeated 49.8 % of the drug with flux 1.45 mg h^–1cm^–2 through porcine buccal membrane. The optimized formulation showed peak detachment force (1.64 N), work of adhesion (0.36 mJ), in vivo residence time (287 min), swelling index (204%), erosion (53.1%) and surface pH (6.92). In vivo mucoadhesive behaviour of the optimized formulations was studied in healthy human volunteers and subjective parameters were evaluated. The stability of the optimized formulation was studied and no significant changes were detected in drug content and in vitro release after 6 months. PMZ mucoadhesive tablets for buccal delivery could be prepared with required permeation, bioadhesive and in vivo residence properties.

Keywords: Promethazine HCl, buccal tablets, in vitro release, bioadhesion, ex vivo permeation

ABSTRACT

Lack of awareness about the various vaccine preventable diseases and the huge risk of mortality and morbidity associated with the diseases like Chicken-pox, Typhoid, Hepatitis-A and Hepatitis –B is a challenge that needs urgent attention especially in adolescents. To assess the efficacy of vaccination counselling on the awareness, attitude and practices related to Chicken-Pox, Typhoid, Hepatitis-A and Hepatitis –B among school going adolescents using some of the constructs of Health belief model. A Pretest-Post test study was conducted among 502 school going adolescents studying in 9^th, 10^th and 11^th standards to assess the efficacy of vaccination counselling on the awareness, attitude and practices related to vaccination against Typhoid, Chicken-pox, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B, using a pre-tested structured questionnaire after getting permission from the school authorities and verbal consent from the respondents. The pre-test (T1) scores were low in all the three components of awareness, attitude and practices. After vaccination counselling, the post test (T2) scores increased, for all the components, the difference being statistically significant (p<0.05), using paired t-test of difference between means at 5% significance level. Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective disease prevention tools. Barriers related to non-immunisation in adolescents need to be addressed urgently to reduce the huge burden of disease associated with vaccine-preventable diseases. Besides making quality vaccines available at affordable prices, submission of immunisation completion certificate should be made mandatory before admission into schools and colleges.

Keywords: - Adolescents, Vaccination, Typhoid, Chicken-pox, Hepatitis-A, Hepatitis-B

ABSTRACT

High-performance liquid-chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of impurities (Related Substances) of Mycophenolate mofetil in tablets and capsules using Photo diode array detector. The mobile phase was a combination of Triethylamine buffer (pH 5.3) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 65:35 and wavelength set at 250 nm. Retention time of Mycophenolate mofetil and its impurity as Mycophenolic acid was found to be approx. 21.31 and 5.79 minutes respectively. Linearity of the method for Mycophenolate mofetil and its impurity as Mycophenolic acid was found to be 0.4 to 24.163 μg mL^-1 with the correlation coefficient of 1.000 and 0.9999 respectively. This method was validated accordingly to International Conference of Harmonization guidelines. Qualification was alone by calculating area of the peaks and peak purities. The analytical solution of Mycophenolate mofetil also has shown stability for 24 hrs at 5^°C and 25^°C. Present method can be applied for the impurity profiling and stability studies of Mycophenolate mofetil in tablet and capsules formulations without interference of the excipients present in the particular formulations

Keywords: - Mycophenolate mofetil, Mycophenolic acid, High-performance liquid-chromatography, Photo diode array detector, Stability studies

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study was to prepare and evaluate gastroretentive effervescent floating drug delivery system containing Zidovudine as a model drug. Zidovudine is the first approved compound for the treatment of AIDS; however the main limitation to therapeutic effectiveness of zidovudine is its dose-dependent toxicity, short biological half-life and poor bioavailability. Zidovudine gastroretentive effervescent floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were incorporated as gas-generating agents. Drug compatibility with excipients was checked by DSC and FTIR studies revealed that, there was no incompatibility of the drug with the excipients used. The results of in-vitro buoyancy time and lag time study, the values of in-vitro buoyancy time ranges from 180 to 870 min where as floating lag time ranges from 2.11 to 51.36 min. The formulations prepared with carbopol have longer floating lag times. The formulation GREFT-6 shows the lag time 2.11 min and buoyancy time 870 min. The release of Zidovudine from all the formulations ranges from 45.05 - 64.96 % drug released at the end of 6 hrs. The formulations GREFT-1 and GREFT-2 shows 90 % of drug release within 10 hrs. The formulations GREFT-3 to GREFT-7 shows drug release ranges from 86.17 - 96.65 % at the end of 12 hrs. The results were revealed that as the concentration of carbopol increases, there is decrease in the drug release and floating time has been increased. The formulation GREFT-6 containing Carbopol 934P 100 mg showed the controlled drug release when compare to other formulations. The stability study conducted as per the ICH guidelines and the formulations were found to be stable. From the above studies, it has been observed that effervescent based floating drug delivery system is a promising approach to achieve controlled release behavior.

Key wards: Zidovudine, HPMC K4M, carbopol, floating tablets, effervescent.

ABSTRACT

In present research work, a simultaneous estimation method of Vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA), 5 Hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA), Homovanillic acid (HVA), 6ß-Hydroxy cortisol using reverse phase HPLC method was developed and validated. Rat 24 hr urine samples were collected and injected directly without extraction, detection was carried out at 235 nm using UV detector. The developed method is précised, accurate and sensitive.

Key words:  VMA, HVA, metabolic disorders, RP HPLC method.

ABSTRACT

Peucedanum grande is a succulent herb; about a meter in height. The fruits are used in medicine and have been reported to possess important biological properties. The objective of the present investigation was the development of quality standards and phytochemical analysis of P. grande. This included morphological and histological characters, pH of aqueous solution, ash values, extractive values, successive extractive values, and loss on drying, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and HPTLC finger printing profile of secondary metabolites. The findings of this study might be useful to supplement information in regard to its identification parameters and laying down pharmacopoeial standards; as standardization of herbal medicines is essential and is the need of the today.

Key words: Peucedanum grande, extracts, phytochemical screening, HPTLC.

ABSTRACT

Wounds are major cause of physical disabilities. Wound healing consists of orderly progression of series of events that establish the integrity of the damaged tissues. Aegele marmelos (Bael) is used for medicinal purposes, including treatment of dyspepsia, inflammation, asthma, hypoglycemia, cancer, hepatitis, diabetes, sinusitis, tuberculosis, diarrhea, dysentery, as astringent, digestive, stomachic etc. The present study was undertaken on ethanolic extract of leaves of Aegele marmelos on wound healing activity through topical route on excision wound model. The activity was compared with standard drug Povidone Iodine ointment (5% w/w). The leaves of  Aegele marmelos ethanolic extract was found to have better and faster rate of wound healing effect than Povidone iodine ointment on excision wound model.

Key Words: Aegele marmelos, povidone iodine ointment, wound healing activity, excision wound model.

ABSTRACT

The study was aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Desmodium oojeinense(Roxb.) in experimental rats. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing method, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model. Various doses of ethanolic extract of the plant (100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight) were tested for its analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory activity and the results were compared with the standard drug aspirin and diclofenac sodium respectively. Results indicate that the ethanolic extract of the plant significantly inhibited writhing movements in analgesic activity and carrageenan induced hind paw oedema in anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. The results suggest that there exists a potential benefit in utilizing Desmodium oojeinense(Roxb.) in treating conditions associated with pain and inflammation.

Key Words: Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.), analgesic, anti-inflammatory, carrageenan.

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antimicrobial activity of various extracts of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn. In the current study, the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extract of stem bark of B. variegata L. was tested against standard bacterial and fungal cultures. The test was performed by agar well diffusion method on nutrient agar media and Sabouraud’s dextrose media for bacterial and fungal cultures respectively. Among the solvent extracts, ethanolic extract was effective against all the tested bacteria and fungi. Ethanolic extract exhibited maximum inhibitory activity against Klebsiella. And the least activity was observed for Staphylococus aureus. For fungi ethanolic extract was more effective against Aspergillus fumigates.

Key words: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Bauhinia variegata L.

ABSTRACT

4, 6-Dimethoxypyrimidin-2-amine condensed with trichloro s-triazine. Finally various aromatic amines derivatives were allowed to react and the product were characterized by conventional and instrumental methods. Their structures were determined and important biochemical properties were studied.

Keywords: s-Triazine derivatives, 4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-amine, Antimicrobial Study.

ABSTRACT

Rosiglitazone is a poorly water-soluble (BCS class II) antidiabetic drug. Due to the poor water solubility of this drug, its bioavailability is dissolution rate-limited. The purpose of this study was is to increase the solubility of Rosiglitazone (RG) in aqueous media by solid dispersion (SD) technique with Poloxamer (PXM) 188 and Poloxamer (PXM) 407 by using the kneading method. The RG-PXM solid dispersion system was characterized by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vitro dissolution studies. No chemical interaction was found between RG and PXM 188 or PXM 407. The results from DSC, XRD and SEM studies show that PXM 188 or PXM 407 inhibits the crystallization of RG. The SDs prepared in this study were found to have better dissolution rates in comparison to intact RG and physical mixture of PXM 188 or PXM 407. It was found that the optimum weight ratio for drug: Carrier is 1:5 for PXM 188 and 1:6 for PXM 407.

Key-Words: Solubility, Rosiglitazone, Solid dispersion

ABSTRACT

In the present work the approach of forced degradation study was successfully applied for the development of stability-indicating assay method for determination of Thiocolchicoside in the presence of its degradation products.  The RP-HPLC separation was carried out on Shimadzu^® -HPLC 1100 series using a Phenomenex ODS 5µ C₁₈ column (250×4.6mm) with mobile phase comprising of Acetonitrile: Phosphate Buffer (70:30) pH 3.5 v/v at flow rate of 1.0mL/min and UV detection at 260.0 nm. In stress testing a drug substance or the drug product is exposed to an environment vigorous than the normal i.e. at high temperature, high humidity over the period of time called accelerated stability conditions. The drug was subjected to Solid state analysis which includes Humidity studies (40°C/75% RH), photochemical studies (UV light and sunlight exposure) and Thermal studies to apply stress conditions. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, linearity and range, ruggedness and robustness. The linearity of the proposed method was investigated in the range of 80-120% of label claim; the correlation coefficient for Thiocolchicoside was found to be 0.999. The proposed method was found to be simple, specific, linear and rugged and can be used for routine quality control.

Keywords: Thiocholchicoside, HPLC, Stability, dissolution, capsule