ABSTRACT

Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS), these dosage forms are designed to achieve prolonged gastric residence time in controlled release manner. The floating drug delivery system (FDDS) also comes under the gastro retentive drug delivery system. These type of formulations helps to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and enhances the bioavailability of the drug. In gastrointestinal tract the absorption of dosage form or drug molecule is a highly variable process. To overcome all these physiological problems Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) plays an important role. FDDS works on the principle of buoyancy (the tendency of an object or a molecule float in a fluid or the upward force that a fluid exerts on an object) which allows the drug to remain in the gastric environment for a prolonged period of time without rapid passing into the intestine. Floatation of a drug is due to bulk density less than gastric fluids and so, remain buoyant in the stomach for a prolonged period of time. Releasing the drug slowly at the desired rate and increase the bioavailability of narrow absorption window drugs. This review helps to know the floating drug delivery system principle, advantages and disadvantages, need for floating bilayer tablets, challenges in bi-layer tablet manufacturing and characterization and evaluation methods for bilayer floating tablets.

Keywords: Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDS), Floating Drug Delivery System (FDDS), Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS), Bi-layer tablet, Gastric emptying, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API)

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels, including arteries and veins responsible for supplying oxygen to vital organs such as the brain and heart. Insufficient oxygen supply to these organs can lead to severe complications, including tissue damage and organ failure. CVDs are primarily associated with aging and are often linked to the development of atherosclerotic lesions, which can result in life-threatening conditions such as myocardial infarction, ischemic cardiomyopathy, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive condition, remains a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pharmacological interventions for CVD primarily focus on managing risk factors and preventing disease progression. Among available treatments, statins serve as the first-line therapy for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and lowering the risk of major cardiovascular events. However, a subset of patients fails to achieve target LDL-C levels due to poor adherence or statin resistance. The identification of high-risk individuals and the implementation of personalized treatment strategies remain crucial in optimizing cardiovascular care. This review explores current pharmacological approaches to CVD management, highlighting the efficacy and limitations of existing therapies. Additionally, potential advancements in cardiovascular treatment are discussed, aiming to enhance risk assessment and improve therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), Atherosclerosis, Pharmacological Interventions, Statin Therapy, Personalized Medicine.

ABSTRACT

The concept of "body defenders" encompasses a wide range of biological and technological systems designed to safeguard the human body from various threats. This review explores both the body's natural defense mechanisms such as the immune system, skin barrier, and reflex responses and cutting-edge external protective technologies, including body armor, exoskeletons, and smart protective wearables. The body's innate and adaptive immune responses play a crucial role in defending against infections, toxins, and other biological hazards. Additionally, advancements in engineered protective gear, particularly in military, law enforcement, and occupational safety, have significantly enhanced human resilience against physical harm. Innovations such as exoskeletons for mobility support and injury prevention, as well as intelligent textiles embedded with sensors to detect environmental hazards, are reshaping the landscape of body defense. This review also examines the ethical considerations, challenges, and future prospects of body defense technologies, addressing issues related to privacy, accessibility, and sustainability. By integrating insights from multiple disciplines, this study provides a holistic perspective on the evolution of body protection systems, paving the way for future advancements that enhance human safety and well-being in an increasingly unpredictable world.

Keywords: Immunology, Antibody Structure, Antibody Function, Immunoglobulins, IgM, Body Armor, Exoskeletons, Smart Protective Clothing.

ABSTRACT

Incidents are Analytical Incidents that occur during analytical testing that affect the quality of the product. This paper includes a study to ensure the quality and safety of drugs and also avoid future incidents. The research is based on the root cause of incidents and their patterns. To overcome these incidents, quality audits are performed. These incidents are important for the following reasons.  Product quality: Analytical incidents can impact the quality of pharmaceutical products, which can affect patient safety and efficacy. Patient safety: Inaccurate or unreliable analytical results can lead to incorrect labelling, potency, or purity of pharmaceutical products, which can harm patients.   It Ensures compliance with regulatory requirements, such as FDA, EMA, and ICH guidelines. Prevents regulatory actions, fines, or penalties. These incidents prevent financial losses due to retesting, rework, and product recalls. It prevents damage to a company's reputation and brand.&. Maintains customer trust and confidence.  The recent research is mainly focused on methods and corrective action used for accuracy, reliability, and consistency of analytical testing.  The recent themes are Data Integrity and security, which are used for maintaining digital records in the laboratory. It also includes continuous improvement and digitization, which are emerging new technologies. The main point of this article is to analyse the root cause of Incidents and corrective action taken on these analytical incidents. This topic is interesting because it brings together ethical and technological challenges that affect human health.  These analytical incidents investigate the whole process of the pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords: Analytical incidents, root cause, Good Manufacturing Practices, Analytical testing, strengths, fishbone diagram

ABSTRACT

Assessment of drug interaction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis” evaluates drug interactions in rheumatoid arthritis patients, focusing on those receiving anti-rheumatic drugs. RA, a chronic autoimmune disorder causing joint and other body parts inflammation, managed with DMARDs, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, and biologics, with methotrexate being a key treatment component. The study was conducted at the Department of General Medicine, Govt. Medical College Hospital Kozhikode, over four months, enrolling 119 patients who met specific inclusion criteria. The results revealed that drug interactions (DIs) are common among RA patients, particularly those receiving methotrexate. Moderate drug interactions were noted between methotrexate and Leflunomide, Tofacitinib, and sulfasalazine, while minor interactions were observed with Hydroxychloroquine. The study also highlighted frequent interactions between methotrexate and NSAIDs, with meloxicam, Etoricoxib, and Etodolac being the most common interacting drugs. Additionally, interactions between methotrexate and gastro protective agents like pantoprazole and omeprazole were noted. Interactions between methylprednisolone and NSAIDs, as well as between Hydroxychloroquine and hypoglycemic agents, were also identified. Demographically, most patients with drug interactions were in the age group of 40-49 years. Gender-wise, drug interactions were more prevalent among female patients (39.49%). Awareness about drug interactions varied, with middle age groups showed higher levels of awareness. However, a significant portion of the patient population remained unaware of potential drug interactions. To minimize drug interaction, this study suggests possible methods including adjustment of medication timing, prevention of moderate drug interaction by prescribing alternate medications within the same category and prescription auditing with the assistance of pharmacy profession.

Keywords: Cross sectional study, rheumatoid arthritis, moderate DI, drug interactions, DMARDs, NSAIDs.

ABSTRACT

Postoperative atrial fibrillation is a common and clinically significant complication following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, with reported incidence rates ranging from 20% - 40%. Existing evidence suggests that inflammation and thrombotic mechanisms may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation in this context. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the potential association between ABO blood group and the risk of developing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The study retrospectively analysed data from 301 consecutive patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting at a single institution between January 2022 and January 2024. Patients who developed postoperative atrial fibrillation lasting within 96 hours were included in the analysis. The results: showed that patients with blood group A had a significantly higher incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation compared to those with other blood groups (49.8% vs 24.9% for group B, 8.3% for group AB, and 16.9% for group O; p=0.023). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, and relevant clinical risk factors, the association between blood group A and increased risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation remained statistically significant. These findings suggest that a patient's ABO blood group may be an independent risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The underlying mechanisms likely involve the influence of ABO blood group antigens on thrombotic and inflammatory pathways, predisposing individuals with blood group A to an increased risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation and its associated complications. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise pathophysiological mechanisms and investigate the potential clinical implications of these findings in the management of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

Keywords: coronary artery bypass surgery, atrial fibrillation, ABO blood group, risk factors.

ABSTRACT

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of bidity and mortality globally, necessitating a profound understanding of its intricate pathophysiology diagnostic methodologies, and innovative therapeutic approaches. This comprehensive review aims to synthesize the current knowledge surrounding CAD, providing a holistic perspective on its multifaceted aspects. So I decided to review on proliferating CAD Heart Disease in the Satara region. And I found that the major reasons behind increasing CAD cases are Obesity in adults and changed lifestyles. So for Preventing the Proliferating of Diabetes, some Preventing Measures are used That is Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of CAD Heart Disease and its complications, so smoking cessation can be an important preventive measure as well. And also maintain the cholesterol in body.

Keyword: Coronary Artery Disease, Angina, myocardial infraction, atherosclerosis, Ischemia, Angioplasty, CABG.

ABSTRACT

About 300 million people in India suffer from osteoporosis¹¹. In India the prevalence of osteoporosis among women aged between 30-60 years is 30%. It is more frequently found in women than men at the ratio of 4:1.¹Osteoporosis is largely preventable for most people, and it is accomplished through medical, nutritional and lifestyle interventions. Prevention of this disease is very important because while there are treatments for osteoporosis, there is currently no cure¹⁴.The purpose of the present study was to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of Osteoporosis and its related Complications among Women Working in Selected Schools and Colleges of Kolar, Karnataka.” The study involved a single group without control group, pre  experimental design and purposive sampling technique was used. The study was conducted in selected schools and colleges of Kolar. Karnataka. The formal permission along with subjects consent was taken before collecting the data. Structured Knowledge Questionnaire was administered to 50 women who were working in selected schools and colleges of Kolar, Karnataka. STP was administered on the same day. A post-test was conducted after 8 days with same tool. With regard to the first objective the overall mean Knowledge score of working women regarding prevention of Osteoporosis and its related complications was found to be inadequate (84%) in pre-test and adequate (60%) in post-test after administering structured teaching programme. As per the second objective the mean post test knowledge score of the subjects was higher than (74.5%) the mean pre-test score (43.75%) . The Paired ‘t’ test was done and it was found that there was a significant change in knowledge level after STP (‘t’ value 18.156) at 0.05 level and it was significant. Hence H₁ was accepted. As per the third objective the findings revealed that there was not significant association between the post test knowledge scores with socio-demographic variables like age, income, marital status, religion, residency (rural and urban), family history of osteoporosis, body mass index and exposure to mass media with in six months, on osteoporosis and its related complications at 0.05 level through ‘ χ ^{2 ‘} test . Hence H₂ is rejected. As the mean post-test score is significantly higher than that of the pre-test it is evident that the Knowledge of women working in selected schools and colleges about prevention of Osteoporosis and its related complications was improved after the educational intervention. The study highlights about the working women aware about the prevention of Osteoporosis and its related complications thus reinforcing the statement, “Prevention is better than the Cure”

Keywords: Structured Teaching Programme, Osteoporosis, Women

ABSTRACT

This study, Identifying Risk Factors in Pituitary Adenoma Patients, examines how pituitary adenomas disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, leading to menstrual irregularities such as amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and polymenorrhea. Key risk factors include prolactin levels, tumor size, adenoma type, and patient demographics. Prolactinomas are strongly linked to menstrual disturbances due to prolactin-induced suppression of GnRH, LH, and FSH. Macroadenomas worsen dysfunction by compressing adjacent structures, while non-functioning adenomas contribute indirectly through metabolic alterations. Dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine) are first-line treatments for prolactinomas, while surgical intervention is preferred for macroadenomas. Persistent hormonal imbalances may require long-term monitoring and personalized management. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment are essential for optimizing reproductive health in affected patients.

Keywords: Prolactin Levels, Tumor Size, Adenoma Type, Hormonal Imbalances, Patient Age, Response to Treatment, Tumor Duration

ABSTRACT

Ethosomes are advanced and modified form of liposomes, which are applied as carriers for transdermal drug delivery. These are developed by Professor Elka Touitou from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, to enhance the drug administration of amphiphilic drugs. These are soft and flexible lipid vesicles having phospholipids, water, and alcohol in high concentrations about to 20-45% approximately. Ethosomes are easy to prepare through different common methods named as thin film hydration method, cold method, hot method and injection method. These provide enhanced permeation of drugs, highly drug loading capacity, better control over drug release, non-parenteral drug delivery having ability to encapsulate diverse molecular spectrum range. Another key advantage of ethosomes is that they provide excellent patient compliance since these are able to apply as semi-solid formulations, such as gel or cream. The evaluation criteria, such as vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, In-vitro permeation studies and In-vivo permeation studies, support their effectiveness in targeted drug delivery. Ethosomes demonstrated positive results and the capability to enhance the distribution of amphiphilic drug molecules. This article provides a comprehensive review of ethosomes including their distinctive properties, composition, methods of preparation, physicochemical properties, methods of penetration and the areas of their application in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. The article examines objectives of ethosomal research as one way of achieving the goal of developing non-invasive drug delivery systems and reports on recent advancements, issues and future prospects. They also put sufficient evidence of the effectiveness of ethosomal therapy in being viable nanocarriers for drug delivery. 

Keywords: Ethosomes, Topical formulations, Transdermal drug delivery, Nano Vesicles, Novel drug delivery system, Liposomes.