ABSTRACT

The expense and complications in new drug entities have increased since last 3 decades, with concomitant recognition of the therapeutic advantages of controlled drug deliver. So focus has been given on development of sustained or controlled release drug delivery system. Bilayer tablet is new era for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system. Bilayer tablet is better than the traditionally used mouthwash, sprays, and gels. For promoting patient convenience and compliance pharmaceutical industries interested in developing a combination of two or more API’s in a single dosage form. Bilayer tablet is improves beneficial technology to overcome the shortcoming of the single layered tablet. Bilayer tablet can be a primary option to avoid chemical incompatibilities between APIS by physical separation, and to enable the development of different drug release profile using different technologies. So use of bilayer tablet is a very different aspect for anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Several pharmaceutical companies are currently developing bilayer tablet for a variety of reason: patent extension, therapeutic, marketing to name a few. To reduce capital investment quite often existing but modified tablet presses are used to develop such tablets. The present article provides an introduction of bilayer tablet technology, advantages, disadvantages, different approaches, types of bilayer tablet, various techniques, quality and GMP requirements of bilayer tablets.

Keywords: Bilayer tablet, different approaches, types of bilayer tablet press, bilayer tablet techniques, quality and GMP requirements of bilayer tablets.

ABSTRACT

In pharmaceutical industry the major problem of dosage form development is low aqueous solubility. In present review the particle engineering concept and solubility, permeability approaches design and method used in improvement of particle size. The different methods are used in particle engineering like supercritical fluid technology, controlled precipitation, and mechanical technique, evaporation precipitation to aqueous solution, freezing technique, and sonication technology etc. discussed. The improvements of aqueous solubility need to be formulation development for dosage form very essential. The BCS class II drugs modified to soluble form for need of bioavailability of drugs. The solid dispersion method with a different carrier improves the solubility.

Keywords: Particle engineering, bioavailability, solid dispersion, solubility.

ABSTRACT

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(L)) is an annual Herbaceous legume upto 3m in height, abundant in Tropical region of Africa and Asia. The plant has many indigenous system of Medications like Ayurveda, siddha and has been a part of many Traditional literatures. It is drought resistant and sustainable to wide range of soil types. In north Indian states it is cultivated for guar gum production and for use as forage. Plant is well known for its disease protective properties due to the presence of many bioactive components. Various parts such as leaves, seeds and pods are used in asthma, diabetes, inflammation, as Laxative, antibilious, anticholesteric, appetite depressor and hypolipidemic agent. Researchers have reported the presence of many essential Phytochemicals in plant responsible for the antioxidant activity of plant. Present review is an effort to describe the traditional uses, phytochemical identification, pharmacological activities and Bioactive components of plant.

Keywords: Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(L),Antioxidant, Phytochemical.

ABSTRACT

Oral administration of different dosage forms is the most common form of administration due to greater patient compliance. Time-dependent drug delivery systems have been widely used for colon-targeted delivery. This study, Eudragit RS 100 was used as a Time-dependent polymer. Single pH-dependent NPs (pH-NPs), single time-dependent NPs (Time_NPs), and dual pH/time-dependent NPs (pH-NPs) were prepared using the oil-in-water emulsion method. In present study colonic drug delivery is prepared in form of nanoparticles by using oil in water or Nano precipitation method. Nanoparticles having various advantages over tablets or capsules as short gastric residence time, improved bioavailability.

Keywords: colon targeted, Time-dependent nanoparticles, Eudragit RS100, colon cancer.

ABSTRACT

Fruits and vegetables form the major part of our balanced diet. The growth of the population has lead to the considerable increase in the demand for more consumption of fruits and vegetables which has also culminated the illness associated with these fruits and vegetables. With the development of science and technology, people not only require the food to be safe, but also they require it to keep their original flavour and nutritional value intact. Fungal contamination and some post harvest handling are the most common causes of the spoilage of fresh produce. Countermeasures include the synthetic fungicides, pesticides and pre packaged sanitation treatments including the use of chlorine and bromine. The traditional chemical storage method became unsuccessful to satisfy the growing demand of the people. Newer novel methods like ozone storage, plasma fresh keeping technology, electrolyzed reduction water technology, ultrasonic processing technology, photo-catalysis, super ice-temperature technology and ice film storage technology are now in focus. Ozone storage and photo-catalysis are the two promising fresh keeping technology for keeping the fruits and vegetables fresh along with their original flavour and nutritional value. Ozone is a viable alternative to those fungicides and pesticides as it is effective against a wide spectrum of microorganisms and does not leave any residues on the treated produce. In order to implement this technology and to know about its mode of action, it is necessary to study about ozone, its production, its concentration, the way of product packaging, standardizing the working conditions and the units to measure ozone concentration. Ethylene causes unwanted ripening, spoilage and financial losses. Photo-catalysis offers the greatest potential for removing ethylene preserving the produce both on Earth and also during spaceflights. In this method a catalyst and light acts together to remove ethylene by converting it into carbon dioxide and water.

Keywords: ozone, ethylene, photo catalysis, carbon dioxide, water

ABSTRACT

The nail is a horny structure nail plate is responsible for penetration of drug across it. The nail plate may appear abnormal as a result of decreased glow. Its involvement of nail bed , reduction of blood supply , physical or chemical features of nail bed . As a result variety of diseases occurs. These diseases can be cured by achieving desired therapeutic concentration of drug by drug delivery system. These nail diseases are widely spread in the population particularly among elderly and immune compromised patients. Oral therapies are accompanied by systemic side effects and drug interactions, while topical therapies are limited by the low permeation rate through the nail path. For the successful treatment of nail diseases the applied active drug must permeate through the dense keratinized nail plate and reach deeper layer, the nail bed and the nail matrix. The purpose of this work is to improve the understanding of physicochemical parameters that influence drug permeation through the nail plate in order to treat not only topical nail diseases but also to consider the possibility to reach systemic circulation and neighboring target sites. The purpose of this review is to explore the difficulties in penetration of drug across nail plate and enhancement of bioavailability of antifungal drug. Topical delivery of systemic therapeutics offers benefits but presents a greater technical challenge among the benefits first pass avoidance convenience and sustained release are most often coifed .Nail diseases like onycomycosis ,nail psoriasis yellow nail syndrome ,paraonychia and many more being cured successfully using medicated lacquers.

Keywords: topical drug , nail, transungal, nail penetration.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study is to put a overview on the oral multiparticulate enteric coated delayed release system. Pharmaceutical development, invention and research increasingly focusing on the delivery systems which enhances therapeutic activity and minimizes side effects. Nowadays recent trend shows that oral multiparticulate drug delivery systems (Pellets) are suitable to formulate delayed release dosage forms with minimum side effects and low risk of dose dumping. The multiparticulate governs the predictable, transportation and even distribution in gastrointestinal tract. The pelletization is novel advanced drug delivery system where fine powders are converted into pellets and this technology is most reliable, prominent and efficient for the formulation of the delayed release dosage forms as well. The proton pump inhibitors are most susceptible for the degradation when coming into the contact with acid. Therefore they need to be protected from such environment. The various enteric coated polymers such as HPMC P, PVAP, Eudragit L-30 D-55, and Eudragit S100 can be coated on to the surface of the drug coated pellets which ensures the protection of the drug from gastric environment and produces stabilized dosage form.  

Keywords: Multiparticulate drug delivery system, pelletization, proton pump inhibitors, delayed release dosage forms, Enteric coated, etc

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular diseases are a major public health problem, it includes disorders of the heart and blood vessel. Disease is diagnosed according to medical parameters, following diagnosis of the disease the treatment is started. The treatment includes medicines as well as lifestyle modifications. After the primary treatment, based on the patient’s health status further procedure started by using treating devices and methods. This article explains about treating devices and methods in patient’s emergency situations.

Keywords: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), Cardiac resynchronization therapy.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article brings out the fabrication and recent clinical research in osmotic drug delivery system. The technology of osmotic drug delivery system need to be modified for the conventionally control over their release and almost control the safe and effective concentration in the targeted sites. The certain phenomenon of molecule may have low bioavailability hence to be improve by the fabrication osmotic drug delivery system is most promising system for controlled drug delivery system. The pump and technique most is used to developed the research point of view. The number of marketed oral osmotically driven system (OCDDS) has doubled in the last 11 years. The osmotic pressure utilized for osmotic drug delivery system (OCDDS).

Keywords: Osmotic pressure, Fabrication, Pump, Controlled drug delivery system, Technology.

ABSTRACT

Ruta graveolens is a delicate plant until it is called as herb of grace. It is easily wither if it is happen to be touched with impure hands. In India it is considered as one of the sacred  plants .It has special fragrance .The leaves are bitter in taste .In Tamil it is called as Aruvatham patchai, and it is called as sada pillai as per siddha system of medicine , in Malayalam it is called as aruthu means no(Number), In Sanskrit it is called as santhapa,[KR Raman]. This plant nowadays have been used commonly as an ornamental plants in houses and institutes and other public areas, the medicinal knowledge  behind this plant  are still lacking with  the people whose planting this plant, the answer is just they say for gardening. Even though   lot  of study  was already made on this plant which is mentioned in an different literature  and books .The aim of this study is to bring out  some of the important traditional uses  and also to promote this plant for the  cognitive dysfunction which is recommended by personal  experience.

Keywords: Ruta Graveolens, Traditional uses, Cognitive dysfunction.

ABSTRACT

In this article forced degradation is a degradation of drug product and new drug substance at different condition more severe accelerated condition. The forced degradation studies ensure chemical behavior of the molecule which in turn helps the development of formulation and packaging. The HPLC is an essential analytical tool in assessing drug and product stability. It insists various conditions like humidity, temperature, light and environmental factors which may affects the drug substance and drug product.

Keywords: Stress testing, Stability indicating assay, Development, Regulatory status.

ABSTRACT

Chronobiology is the science deals with the biological mechanism of the diseases according to a time structure. The variations in the pharmacological actions of various drugs over a period of time. Putting this all together, chronotherapeutics considering the timing of drug delivery according to inherent activities of a disease over a certain period of time. With the advancement in the field of chronobiology, modern drug delivery approaches have been elevated to a new concept of chronopharmacology, that is the ability to deliver the drugs on a specific preprogrammed pattern i.e. at appropriate time and at appropriate site of action. chronopharmaceutical technology advantageous to the application range, the ease of manufacturing, the cost effectiveness and the flexibility in the pharmacokinetic profile. It also provide perfect therapy by targeting to the specific site at most appropriate time. The mechanisms are associated with the 24- hour rhythms of biochemical and physiological behavioral processes under the control of the circadian clock. Research in chronobiology described the importance of biological rhythms in drug delivery that timing of drug delivery has significant effect on treatment success. So this can be concluded that chronomodulated drug delivery system provides a solution for delivery of drugs for those disease conditions regulated by circadian rhythm.  present article gives an overview of various types of chronomodulated drug delivery systems and also tries to highlights some of the recent advances being done in chronopharmaceutical drug delivery system.

Keywords: Chronopharmacokinetics, Biological rhythms, Circadian time structure, Chronopharmacotherapy, Chronotherapeutic drug delivery systems.

ABSTRACT

Green Chemistry covers analysis of sample containing organic compounds in different composition of matrices by using gas chromatography or liquid chromatography method with the use of less toxic solvents. It is important that the methods used for analysis of analyte in a sample have negligible harmful environmental impact. Green Chromatography mainly focus on making the methods greener during analysis at all the steps, starting from collection of sample, to its preparation and then its separation and finally determination of analyte. The present review includes the goals to achieve green chromatography using environmentally benign solvents and reagents, most recent contribution in the development of greener sample preparation since it has effect on whole analytical methodology, chromatographic separation techniques, advantages of Green Chromatography, Green micro extraction techniques (solid phase micro extraction, still bar sorptive, liquid phase micro extraction) is included with special attention. The approach in making chromatographic separations greener differs depending on the type of chromatography which includes solvent less extraction technique- aiming to eliminate or reduce the amount of organic solvents consumed without loss in chromatographic performance. In gas chromatography it is advisable not to use helium as the carrier gas because it is a non-renewable resource. GC separations using low thermal mass technology can be considered greener as energy consumption is minimized by this technology. In liquid chromatography the focus will be on the reduction of solvent consumption and replacement of toxic and environmentally hazardous organic solvents with more benign alternatives.

Keywords: Green Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography, Solvent less Extraction, Green Analytical Chemistry.

ABSTRACT

A simple, versatile and a new spectrophotometric method is proposed for the estimation of microgram quantities of the drug Megagliptin.  The drug forms a charge transfer (CT) complex with 2,3-Dichlro-5,6-Dicyano-1,4- Benzoquinone (DDQ), the stoichiometry of which is established as 1:1 by Job’s continuous variation method.   The wavelength of maximum absorbance of the CT complex is found to be 385 nm.  The absorbance values of the CT complex increased linearly with the increase in the amount of the drug Megagliptin upto 300 μg/ml.  This suggests that suitability of the method for the determination of the drug in the range 10 μg/ml to 300 μg/ml.  This also indicates the verification of the Beer-Lambert’s Law in this range.  The method is successfully applied to evaluate the assay of commercial tablets in pharmaceutical formulations for Megagliptin and the results agreed very well.  The molar absorptivity and Sandell Sensitivity of the method are 2.346 x 10⁴  lit. mol^-1. cm^-1  and 0.01818 μg.ml^-1.cm² respectively.

Keywords: Spectrophotometry, Megagliptin, Teneligliptin, Charge Transfer Complex, DDQ, Pharmaceutical Formulations.

ABSTRACT

Drugs are used in pharmaceutical formulation to serve the mankind and help them to maintain their Quality of Life. As per literature survey we found that there are a fair number of paper that explains the formulation of dosage form by certain drugs, but none of them with explaining the aspect of isolation and retrieving of the active drug from the dosage form. In the current study Paracetamol is taken as the active drug which is used to formulate the best batch of tablet and then the drug is retrieved back from the best found formulation by the help of specific solvent. This solvent was determined by trial of several combinations and the best selected results are mentioned. 96.24 % of the active agents were isolated by the help of selected solvent. The drug compatibility study was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the structure determination of the isolated active agent was carried out by the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) results. The assay of isolated active agent was carried out by UV spectroscopy. All these analytical data helped to elucidate the structure of isolated active agent and was found similar to that of Paracetamol.

Keywords: Quality of Life, active agent, paracetamol, UV, FT-IR, NMR.

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study was to assess the conservative effects of pre-freeze supplementation of L-Ergothioneine (EGT) in the cryomedia, on the post thaw mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and its associated functional parameters such as the motility, ability to undergo capacitation and acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa. Although sperm cryopreservation is an established technique, it is known to result in reduction of the above listed factors which would negatively affect the embryo quality and probability of blastocyst formation. EGT being an antioxidant, elucidates action against the ROS produced due to cryopreservation. In the present study, 400 normozoospermic semen samples were cryopreserved with (Test) and without (Control) EGT supplementation. Clinically relevant: Semen analysis (WHO 2010), invitro fertilization ability assessment (Chlortetracyclin Immunofluorescence study), MMP assessment (JC-1 immunofluorescence study) and Lipid peroxidation status (Malondialdehyde concentration assessment) were performed in both fresh and frozen thawed samples. It was seen that with the increase in ROS production due to cryopreservation, there is a significant decrease in the post thaw sperm quality and its mitochondrial integrity (Fresh vs Control: p<0.001). On addition of EGT, to the split of the same sample, significant conservation in the sperm quality was observed (Test vs Control: p<0.001). Further it was observed that with increase in ROS (assessed in MDA test), there was a regression in the MMP, motility and progression in the number of sperm which underwent premature capacitation and acrosome reaction which was significantly lower in the sperm split which was frozen post addition of EGT to the media. Hence the study provides proof that EGT acts against the ROS and conserves the spermatozoa’s functionality.

Keyword: Sperm, Cryopreservation, EGT, Antioxidant, Sperm mitochondria

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present investigation was to design a mucoadhesive liposomal system of Repaglinide for the treatment of type - 2 diabetes mellitus that is capable of delivering entrapped drug over an extended period of time. Mucoadhesive liposomal formulations were prepared by using different ratio of lecithin and cholesterol by thin film hydration technique followed by coating of liposomes by 0.1 % w/v and 0.3 % w/v of chitosan and were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology and in-vitro drug release. Particle size and zeta potential of the F2 and C2F2 formulation was found to be 413.5 nm, 830.9 nm and -40.9 mV, -46.8 mV respectively. Coating of liposomes resulted increase in particle size and also increases the zeta potential.  Highest entrapment efficiency was observed in F1, CF1 and C2F2 90%, 95% and 94%. The percent drug release from F1-F3, CF1-CF3 and C2F1-C2F3 was observed as follows F1- 79.04%, F2- 76.77%, F3- 64.32%, CF1-66.65%, CF2- 62.12%, CF3- 56.54% and C2F1- 59.1%, C2F2-56.56%, C2F3- 53.45% which follows first order drug release and non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. And mucoadhesive strength from CF2- 60%, C2F2- 74%.

Keywords: Repaglinide, Diabetes mellitus, mucoadhesive liposome, thin film hydration method, in-vitro release, mucoadhesive strength, stability studies.

ABSTRACT

Some novel series of pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized from Chalcones. Chalcones were prepared by treatment of Paracetamol with different aldehyde by Claisen-Schimidt Condensation. Various Pyrazoline derivatives were prepared by reflux reaction of Chalcone with Phenyl Hydrazine/Hydrazine Hydrate in ethanolic solution. The structures of the newly synthesized Pyrazoline derivatives have been established on the basis of their spectral data. Structures of compounds were confirmed by IR, H1 NMR. The synthesized selected compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: Pyrazoline, Chalcones, Antimicrobial activity.

ABSTRACT

Forced degradation study is an important tool to identify the degradation of the drug substance¹ when subjected to different stress conditions which is more useful than the accelerated stability testing during the formulation development. A simple and stability indicating HPLC method was developed for the characterization of assay and related substances of the drug substance. In the present investigation, bortezomib was subjected to different stress conditions like acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, oxidation, effect of heat and effect of light. Significant degradation was observed when Bortezomib sample solutions are exposed to acidic conditions and basic at room temperature. Drastic degradation was observed when bortezomib sample solutions are exposed to oxidation. Significant degradation was observed when bortezomib sample solution is exposed to heat at 60°C and exposed UV radiation. Solid state degradation data indicates that bortezomib has insignificant degradation upon exposure to UV light. The proposed analytical methods enable accurate, precise, and rapid analysis of Bortezomib. Stress study results helps in opting the solvents for the compounding process with respect to stability of the compound. Based on the stress study data, the product can be lyophilized in clear glass vial for the future prospective of novel lyophilized formulation.

Keywords: forced degradation study, preformulation study, proteasome inhibitor and stress conditions.

ABSTRACT

Blending is an important method for improving the properties of polymers. PLA has been blended with many other polymers to improve its biodegradation as well as its mechanical properties. In the presented study; poly L(+)lactic acid [PLLA] has been blended with chitosan [Cs] as a biodegradable polymers to improve the release profile. PLLA was prepared via direct polycondensation reaction as mentioned in our previous publications. Riboflavin [RF] was chosen as a model drug to evaluate the release behavior through PLLA.Cs polymeric device. Different ratios of blends (1:1, 2:1 PLLA:Cs) were prepared and compared with PLLA alone. The prepared PLLA and PLLA.Cs blends were characterized and evaluated via microencapsulation of RF. The prepared microcapsules were characterized in terms of morphology and encapsulation efficiency [E.E.]. In vitro release profiles and kinetics studies were performed. The release profiles were investigated by the measurement of the riboflavin concentration in the release medium at various time intervals. It has been Cs ratio) rather than 2:1 ratio and pure PLLA. The highest encapsulation efficiency E.E. found, that the matrix degradation and riboflavin release profiles were high in case of (1:1 PLLA: was obtained in case of 1:1 PLLA:Cs blend (99%).

Keywords: PLLA, Chitosan, Biodegradation, Riboflavin, blend, and Microcapsules. 

ABSTRACT

Infectious diseases (ID) circulating in the home and community remain a significant concern. Two factors are largely responsible first is the constantly changing nature and range of pathogens to which we are exposed and, second is the demographic changes occurring in the community, which affect our resistance to infections. The impact of hand hygiene is important to reduce transmission of ID in the home and community. The antibacterial soap as they contain triclosan which have huge amount of disadvantage and also alcohol base sanitizer which causes irritation due to skin drying, so we can replace it with herbal antimicrobial ingredients. The gel base Polyherbal handwash which prepared by using herbs to avoid the side effects are Azadirachta indica, Citrus Limonis, Aloe vera. The antimicrobial activity of prepared gel base polyherbal handwash was checked by using cup plate method. The microorganism used in antimicrobial test is staphylococcus auries, Candida albicans & bacillus subtillis. The result showed that gel based polyherbal handwash give more inhibition than available commercial synthetic handwash.

Keywords:-Polyherbal handwash, Azadirachta indica, Citrus Limonis, Aloe vera, Antimicrobial activity.

ABSTRACT

Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control. Depending on which the definition of organic farming  is described for the  use of fertilizers and pesticides covering herbicides, insecticides and fungicides having natural origin for examplebone meal from animals or pyrethrin from flowers, but it excludes or strictly limits the use of various methods (including synthetic petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides; plant growth regulators such as hormones; antibiotic use in livestock; genetically modified organisms human sewage sludge; and nanomaterials. for reasons including sustainability, openness, independence, health, and safety. When we go on ancient Ayurvedic literatures on Vrikshayurveda it is found that during ancient period when synthesis of inorganic fertilizers, hormones antibiotics etc were not described for use on crop or other plants use of crop rotation, animal flesh, bones belonging to different animals and plant parts and Ayurvedic medicines like Triphala, Manjishtha, Ashwagandha, neem, tila along  with other ayurvedic formulations or single drugs from about 135 medicinal plants with holistic approach and the plant health were well maintained. Ancient Ayurvedic literatures also describe the creation of mango fruits on banana plants. Use of fish powder or extracts of plants to induce flowering and fruiting are used as tool under Vrikshayurveda. Fumigation from time to time for the control of several diseases is also a part of Vrikshayurveda for the maintenance of plant health which is now being popularized by Homa Therapy and Organic farming even for the maintaining human health. Seeking out all above aspects for creating linkage between organic farming and ancient Ayurvedic literature authors have conducted experiment on pea and gram crops by the use of Neem, Karanj, Behaya and Swet Kutaj just to compare effects of each drug on said crops. 

ABSTRACT

The earlier sources of drugs were from plant, animal and mineral sources, but due to the lack of potential action and definitive cure and sometimes more toxicity, the discovery of new drugs that are more potential and less toxic is essential. The synthesis of derivatives has been an important part and is aimed at modifying the action of drugs, particularly to reduce the side effects and to potentiate the drug action. Today more than 60% drugs used in practice are synthesized derivatives and day-by-day the scope of synthetic medicinal chemistry is broadening. The substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole moieties are already known for different biological activities. Here we have synthesized some novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole analogues combining with different substituted aromatic and aliphatic system with view to get a good antibacterial activity withless toxicity and side effects. All the synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial activity. As expected 1,3,4thiadiazole derivatives exhibited significant and moderately antibacterial when compared with standard drugs. Therefore in search of new generation of the active compounds, it maybe worthwhile to explore the possibility in this area by introducing different Functional groups or by cyclization as substitutions which may result into better pharmacological agent.

Keywords : Antibacterial activity, Thiadiazole, Aromatic system, Aliphatic system 

ABSTRACT

Present study has been an effort towards improving the skin penetration of Minoxidil by encapsulating it in niosomes. Niosomal formulations of Minoxidil were prepared by thin film hydration method using two different surfactants like sorbitan monoesters (span 40, 60) and polysorbate (tween 60) with cholesterol. The prepared niosomes were evaluated for size, shape, entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Niosomes were spherical in shape and size range was found to be 4.10±1.05 to 6.74±2.99 μm. The entrapment efficiency was found in the range of 36.74±0.84 to 61.16±0.36 % at the end of 24hrs. Among all the Minoxidil niosomes the promising formulation were found to be of span 60 and cholesterol in the ratio of 1:0.2 and were incorporated into carbopol gel. The prepared gel was characterised for appearance, pH, drug content, viscosity and in-vitro drug release. The in-vitro drug release study was carried out using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 7.4 and was found to be 42.16±1.94% at the end of 12 hrs.

Keywords: Niosomes, Minoxidil, Skin permeation, Carbopol gel, In-vitro drug release.

ABSTRACT

Psahyrella tuberculata is a small saprophyte mushroom growing in the forest. It is edible and sold in the local markets of Côte d’Ivoire. Despite its current use in cuisine as alternative to fish or meat, the nutritional composition has been less documented. Thus this study was carried out to evaluate its nutritional value as calcium, copper, magnesium, iron, selenium and zinc content in the edible carpophores of P. tuberculata. Significant differences were noticed between amounts of the minerals identified (P˂0.001). Of all the six minerals, calcium was the most abundant (102.627±0.002 mg/100g). Conversely selenium was the less abundant mineral (1.984±0.002 mg/100g). Otherwise, amounts of copper, iron, magnesium and zinc were respectively 1.870±0.002 mg/100g, 53.338±0.002 mg/100g, 73.138±0.002 mg/100g, 13.159±0.002 mg/100g and suggested to be sufficient to cover daily intakes. The carpophores of P. tuberculata are to be considered as a better food because of its nutritional value and heath benefit. For sustainable use, domestication should be practiced and forests should be preserved.

Keywords: Psathyrella tuberculata - nutritional value - mineral content - Abidjan -Côte d’Ivoire

ABSTRACT

People believe ‘Herbal’ and ‘Ayurvedic’ medicines are safe for use without medical advice. However, it is evident in the literature that due to toxicity associated with metals that are used in such preparations; these formulations are not safe for human consumptions. Government agencies should put more stringent safeguards to deal with heavy metal toxicity in Herbal and Ayurvedic medicines to protect its population at large.

Keywords: Heavy metal poisoning; lead poisoning; arsenic poisoning; mercury poisoning; herbal medicines; Ayurvedic medicines.

ABSTRACT

Different phenacyl bromides were reacted with 2-amino pyridine to give 2-aryl imidazo[1,2-a] pyridines, which on subsequent reaction with Vilsmeier-Haack reagent gave 2-aryl imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine carbaldehydes (4a-4b). Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 4a and 4b with different substituted acetophenones afforded chalcones (5a-5f). The reaction of chalcones with phenyl hydrazine gave six new derivatives of pyrazolyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines (6a-6f ) in good yields. The synthesized compounds were characterised on the basis of physical and spectral data. The compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activities. The compounds 6a, 6b, and 6c exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity and results are comparable with standard drug, ibuprofen. None of the compounds showed any significant antimicrobial activity even at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml against Gram +ve and Gram –ve organisms.

Keywords: Imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine, Pyrazoline, Claisen-Schmidt condensation, Chalcone, Anti-inflammatory activity and Anti-bacterial activity.

ABSTRACT

The acceptance of remedies in any system of medicine depends upon their efficacy and non-toxicity. There were many reports of rejecting Indian herbal products in various countries because of higher levels of heavy metal content than permitted. Though few are regarded as essential, some heavy metals, especially cadmium, mercury and lead, are potentially hazardous due to their intrinsic or selective toxicity, particularly in environmental contexts. In view of the importance of herbal drug standardization, it was contemplated to carry out the heavy metal determination in papaya fruits(Carica papaya), grapes (Vitisvinifera) and Beta vulgaris (beet root) which were procured from local market. The metals like copper, iron, magnesium nickel, sodium, potassium, lead, chromium, zinc etc were estimated  in the hydroalcoholic extracts by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS). Measurements were made using a hollow Electron Discharge Lamp (EDL).  These extracts were also subjected to general phytochemical screening. Its an alarming bell for humankind if the heavy metal content is more than permitted in common edible commodities. Further study may require understanding the factors influencing the heavy metal content in commonly used fruits and vegetables.

Key words: Carica papaya, Vitisvinifera , Beta vulgaris, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, hollow Electron Discharge Lamp

ABSTRACT

The main aim of the study was to investigate phytoconstituents and anti-helminthic activity in the canthium parviflorum root. Roots were collected and shade dried. Extraction was carried out by continues hot percolation method using ethylacetate and methanol as solvents. Both the extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, using standard methods, where as anti-helminthic activity was evaluated at three different concentrations on Pheretima Postuma; the parameters like time of paralysis and time of death were determined. The extract showed significant activity in the dose dependent manner and methanolic root extract showed significant activity than that of standard drug Albendazole. This might due to the presence of secondary metabolite tannins which are responsible for the activity.

Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Canthium parviflorum, Anthelmintic activity, Pheretima posthuma.

ABSTRACT

The present research work is mainly concerned with the natural compounds that are obtained from traditional medicinal plants. There are number of natural compounds have been available in the nature. Some natural compounds are very useful to human being and have life potential to save human from many uncurable disease. Keeping view in the mind the research is focused to extract and isolate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, antiulcer activities containing compounds are studied. The major natural compounds is ginger,   The ginger is obtained from rhizomes of zingiber officinale, and useful anti rhuematic and pungent and spicy contains gingerol and shogaol as active principles. All components are isolated from the concerned extracts. The extraction   of all plants are based on successive solvent extraction method for all drugs.The constituents are confirmed by structure elucidation. The structure of each compounds are intrepreted by different spectral techniques like Infrared spectrum, nuclear magnetic spectrum (hydrogen anc carbon thirteen spectra) and mass spectroscopy for molecular  formula and molecular weight of the unknown compounds.  The biological evaluation of each compound is performed separately. For antioxidant activity DPPH method is used. & the immunomodulatory activity

Keywords: Ginger, isolation ,Antioxidant

ABSTRACT

In this study Β-Cyclodextrin facilitated Nanosponges were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique and subsequently formulated in a tablet form for immediate release of Glipizide. The Nanosponges formulations were prepared by solvent evaporation method employing Β-Cyclodextrin as a polymer. The compatibility of the drug with formulation components was established by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology, particle size, production yield, and drug entrapment efficiency of Nanosponges were examined. Shape and surface morphology of the Nanosponges were examined using scanningelectron microscopy. Particle size of prepared Nanosponges was observed in the range of 428.7  to  633.5nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the Nanosponges.SEM photographs revealed the spherical nature of the Nanosponges in all variations; however, at higher ratios, drug crystals were observed on the nanosponge surface. Increase in the drug/polymer ratio (1:1 to 1:3) increased their yield (10.23 ± to 35.69), which is in increasing order due to the increase in the concentration of polymer but after certain concentration it was observed that as the ratio of drug to polymer was increased, the particle size decreased, the drug content of different formulations was found in the range 94.4to 98.6%,the entrapment efficiency of different formulations were found in the range of 82.11 to 94.40%, the drug  release of the Optimized formulation was found to be 97.71%.

Keywords: Glipizide, Β-Cyclodextrin, Dichloromethane, Nanosponges Delivery System (NDS). Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), UV Spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT

Depression is commonly found as a co-morbid condition in patients with diabetes. The co-existence of depression is associated with poor glycaemic control and low medication adherence. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the severity of depression in patients with Type II diabetes taking OHA versus Insulin. A prospective observational study conducted  among  200 diabetic patients for a period of 6 months in the general medicine department of a tertiary care hospital, with established T2DM  satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated for depression by  using Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAMD) with the help of physician. Finally comparing the severity of depression among patients  taking OHA versus Insulin. Out of 200 diabetic patients, 124 (62%) patients were depressed. About 22% patients shows moderate depression  ,followed by mild depression (20%), severe (10.5%) and very severe(9.5%). Mild-Moderate level of depression is more prevalent in diabetics than in general population. Majority of the patient taking OHA had no depression ( normal, 51%) followed by mild depression (19.6%), moderate (17.6%), and only 11.8% shows severe/ very severe depression. Patients on insulin showed that 27.5% have severe or very severe depression followed by moderate (26.3%), mild (22.5%), and 23.8% have no depression. Depression is more common in patients with diabetes mellitus. Study shows that depression is more prevalent in patients taking Insulin as compared to those using OHA.

Keywords:  Diabetes, Depression, Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHA)        

ABSTRACT

Milk is foremost constituent of the diet; its quality assurance is considered essential to the welfare of a community. Usually milk is contaminated with different kinds of microorganisms at milk collecting places. Various bacterial colonies in milk were analyzed by performing morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. We identified variable bacterial species in different milk products like fresh curd, Buffalo milk, Chocolate, which were collected from local market of Lucknow. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus fermenti and Pseudomonas morphologically and biochemically were identified where bacteria were especially gram negative. Furthermore, 16SrDNA molecular characterization was also done in this study. It was also observed that multiple bacterial species were responsible for single milk and milk product spoilage. The isolates could be used as indicators of microbial quality. Further study will be open a new area for the researcher working in this direction. Milk microflora includes spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Many milk borne diseases such as tuberculosis, brucellosis and typhoid fever are caused due to spoilage of milk and milk products. In the processing of milk, some of them may produce undesirable effects and some micro-organisms produce food infections which can either carry the pathogens that will increase the likelihood of infection of the consumers food. The smooth colonies with entire edge contamination of milk and milk products are largely due to human factor and unhygienic conditions.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Shigella sonnKlebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobaei, cillus fermenti , Pseudomonas, spoilage.

Kidney is one of the vital organs in the human body. The function of the kidney involves purification of the blood, reabsorption of water, excretion of waste, secretion of hormones like adrenaline. When the kidney becomes non-functional, it leads to a condition called chronic kidney disease (CKD), where the kidney fails to purify the blood. When this happens, the patients are expected to switch over to artificial methods of purifying the blood such as dialysis. Patients suffering from CKD have high levels of phosphate (hyperphosphatemia) and leads to calcification of blood vessels. In order to reduce phosphate levels the patients are recommended drugs which act as phosphate binders like sevelamer hydrochloride and sevelamer carbonate. In the present investigation the banding patterns of serum proteins and the serum along with plant samples and the drug were analysed through Native –PAGE. The serum protein interaction studies showed a positive result for sevelamer hydrochloride where as the sevelamer carbonate displayed less interaction. The swelling property of the drug was studied using phase contrast microscopy. It was observed that the drug swells up when treated with water and also the content of the drug slowly dissolves with time.

Keywords: CKD, hyperphosphatemia, calcification, phosphate binders.