ABSTRACT

Mucoadhesive oral gels have gained significant attention in recent years as a localized medication delivery method that works well for treating mouth ulcers, which affect 20–25% of people in general at some point in their lives. By incorporating polymers such as carbopol, HPMC or chitosan, these gels form an intimate bond with the moist oral mucosa, creating a protective film that shields the lesion from mechanical irritation, saliva dilution and secondary infection. These formulations adhere to the oral mucosa, ensuring prolonged contact time and sustained drug release at the site of the lesion, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of herbs used for mouth ulcers such as Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Punica granatum (pomegranate peel), and Mentha piperita (peppermint). Collectively, these herbs deliver a synergistic phytochemical profile, glycyrrhizic acid and ursolic acid provide potent anti?inflammatory and antiviral actions, eugenol and rosmarinic acid offer rapid analgesia and broad?spectrum antimicrobial action while ellagitannins and menthol accelerate epithelial regeneration and impart a cooling, soothing sensation. This article also describes about herbal mucoadhesive gel preparation method and evaluation parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, mucoadhesive strength, and stability, and gives basic knowledge that polyherbal approach offers a safer alternative with fewer side effects and supports the growing preference for natural, plant-based treatments in modern healthcare compared to conventional mouth ulcer treatments.

Keywords: Mucoadhesive oral gel, Mouth ulcer treatment, Herbal formulation, Mucoadhesive strength, wound healing

ABSTRACT

Pharmacogenomics, an interdisciplinary basis of personalized medicine, explains the influence of genomic variation on drug disposition, response, and toxicity. Pharmacogenomics is exemplified in both mechanistic and clinical concepts, demarcating its crossing point between pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. Polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19), transporters (e.g., ABCB1, SLCO1B1), and pharmacologic targets (e.g., VKORC1, EGFR) alter pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, making justifications for individualized therapeutic strategies. The paper defines the pharmacogenomic uses in oncology, cardiology, and psychiatry fields for which pharmacogenomic markers (e.g., HER2, KRAS, CYP2C19) are now a requirement to maximize the effect of treatment and minimize drug reactions. The review also points towards the pivotal role of allied biomedical sciences—i.e., human physiology, clinical biochemistry, and molecular diagnostics to locating gene–drug interactions within the frame of everyday clinical phenotypes. Despite the great leaps, clinical translation remains beset by issues such as fragmentation of regulation, bioethics, population-specific gaps in data, and a lack of clinical genomic literacy. Technologies in the form of next-generation sequencing, multi-omics fusion, and artificial intelligence-based decision support systems, however, offer the potential for scalable and equitable deployment. In summary, pharmacogenomics is a paradigm shift towards genotype-directed pharmacotherapy. For its successful incorporation in clinical medicine, interdisciplinary collaboration, strong informatics support, and harmonized regulatory policies need to supply rational, safe, and personalized drug therapy.

Keywords: Pharmacogenomics, Personalized Medicine, Drug Metabolism, Genetic Polymorphism, Interdisciplinary Medicine

ABSTRACT

Breast cancer is one of the world's most frequent and lethal tumours, accounting for a significant amount of cancer-related morbidity and fatality or death rate, particularly among women. Although initial stages of breast cancer may be curable, timely identification and suitable therapy are not routinely available. This discrepancy in healthcare access, particularly in low- and middle-income nations, has a continued influence on survival rates and quality of life. As our understanding of the biology associated with breast cancer grows, the illness is increasingly seen as a diverse set of diseases with discrete molecular subtypes, each with its own prognosis and treatment implications. This study provides a comprehensive overview of breast cancer, beginning with its pathophysiology and categorization systems and proceeding through the landscape of both traditional and innovative therapeutic options. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy remain standard treatments, but recent breakthroughs have extended therapeutic choices with the advent of targeted medications. Therapies including HER2 inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have considerably improved clinical outcomes in some patient groups. Furthermore, hormonal medicines and gene-based treatments are evolving, enabling more personalized and effective care regimens. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of how breast cancer is being handled and where it is going by investigating both existing therapies and the most recent advances in care.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Molecular subtypes, Targeted therapy or treatment, HER2 inhibitorsCDK4/6 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, Immunotherapy, Personalized medicine

ABSTRACT

Ferulic acid (FA), a common plant compound, has been of great interest in recent years because of its multifaceted pharmacological activities. In this review, the pharmacological activity of ferulic acid has been thoroughly explored, encompassing its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, and photoprotective effects. The molecular mechanisms of these activities have been elaborately discussed, along with possible therapeutic potentials in different disease conditions. Recent developments in drug delivery systems to improve FA bioavailability and clinical trials assessing its efficacy are also discussed. Although with encouraging preclinical results, hurdles are still present in extensing these observations to clinical use, and additional research is required to maximally exploit the therapeutic potential of this strategic phytochemical.

Keywords: Ferulic acid, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer.

ABSTRACT

The global rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has intensified the search for plant-derived alternatives with therapeutic potential. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., a plant valued in traditional medicine, is rich in bioactive compounds, though its bark has not been extensively studied. This research aimed to analyze the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antibacterial properties of the methanolic extract of M. koenigii bark sourced from the Botanical Garden of VJ’s College of Pharmacy, Rajahmundry. The bark was dried, ground, and extracted using methanol via maceration. Standard qualitative tests were used to identify secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. The extract’s antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar well diffusion method, with Amikacin as the positive control and methanol as the negative control. The extract demonstrated a rich phytochemical profile and showed dose-dependent antibacterial effects. Maximum inhibition was observed at 400 mg/mL with zones of 15.3 mm (S. aureus), 13.8 mm (E. coli), and 12.5 mm (P. aeruginosa). The study indicates that M. koenigii bark methanolic extract possesses significant antibacterial activity, suggesting its potential as a plant-based antimicrobial agent.

Keywords:  Murraya koenigii, Methanolic extract, phytochemical screening, Antibacterial activity, Agar well diffusion.

ABSTRACT

Adolescence is a crucial developmental period characterized by significant physical, psychological, and emotional changes. Parental attachment and self-esteem are critical factors influencing adolescents' mental well-being. To assess parental attachment and self-esteem levels among adolescent girls and to examine their interrelationship. A descriptive correlational study was conducted among 100 adolescent girls aged 16 to 18 years at SFS PU College, Tamaka, Kolar. Data were collected using the Kenny’s Parental Attachment Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and Chi-square tests to identify associations with demographic variables. The majority (80%) of participants exhibited moderate parental attachment, while 55% had high self-esteem. A positive correlation (r = 0.195, p < 0.05) was observed between parental attachment and self-esteem. Significant associations were found between self-esteem and demographic variables such as age and stream (p < 0.05). Strengthening parental bonds may positively impact adolescents' self-esteem and overall psychological well-being. Further intervention studies are recommended to explore effective strategies for fostering parental attachment.

Keywords: Parental attachment, self-esteem, adolescence, psychological well-being.

ABSTRACT

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a critical subpopulation driving tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Their remarkable plasticity and ability to self-renew underlie cancer’s resilience and recurrence following conventional treatments. Recent advances in liquid biopsy technology have transformed cancer diagnostics by enabling the minimally invasive detection and dynamic monitoring of tumor-derived materials, including circulating tumor cells, cell-free nucleic acids, and exosomes. This review synthesizes the current landscape of CSC biomarkers, encompassing classical surface markers, epigenetic and metabolic signatures, and emerging multi-omic molecular profiles. We assess how these biomarkers are integrated into advanced liquid biopsy platforms, evaluating their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as well as their clinical utility in tracking CSC dynamics throughout cancer progression and therapy. Technical challenges such as isolating rare CSC populations and distinguishing CSC-specific signals from normal stem cells are addressed, alongside developments in single-cell analysis, computational modeling, and multiplexed marker assays enhancing biomarker precision. Furthermore, we highlight the tumor microenvironment’s role in modulating CSC phenotypes and implications for biomarker reliability. By bridging foundational CSC biology with cutting-edge technologies in liquid biopsy, this review outlines translational strategies to better detect, characterize, and target CSCs, ultimately striving to improve outcomes by overcoming therapeutic resistance and reducing cancer relapse.

Keywords: Cancer stem cells, Liquid biopsy, Biomarkers, Tumor microenvironment, Precision oncology

ABSTRACT

Endophytes are microscopic creatures that live as parasites in living plant body without affecting their host plant. These organisms may be fungi, bacteria or any other microbes that lives in various parts of the host plants such as the stems, roots, or leaves and other sections. Endophytes coexist in symbiotic relationships with their host plants, frequently offering advantages including improved growth, tolerance to environmental stresses and better resistance to disease. They are the kind of microorganism which has the potential to biosynthesise medicinally active substances called secondary metabolites. The discovery of secondary metabolites in diverse sources resulted in the development of medications intended to cure illnesses in humans. Novel secondary metabolic products with significant pharmacological value will be introduced by routine screening of natural resources. Many important bioactive compounds have been effectively discovered from endophytic fungi having cytotoxic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anticancer and antioxidant activities. In this review, we attempt to summarize the endophytes-host relationship and the mechanism by which they are capable to produce secondary metabolites as their host plant and their utilization in development of new drugs.

Keywords: Endophytes, bioactive, secondary metabolites, biosynthesis, drug development.

ABSTRACT

Omeprazole, a widely prescribed proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is a cornerstone therapy for acid?related gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. While generally safe and effective, prolonged or inappropriate use has been linked to a spectrum of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Common ADRs include headache, abdominal discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, and flatulence, which are usually mild and self?limiting. However, serious complications—such as Clostridioides difficile infection, interstitial nephritis, hypomagnesemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, bone fractures, hepatotoxicity, and severe cutaneous reactions—though rare, pose significant clinical challenges. Risk factors influencing ADR incidence include treatment duration, high dosage, advanced age, polypharmacy, comorbid conditions, and genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19 metabolism, which alter drug bioavailability and efficacy. Clinical pharmacists play a crucial role in mitigating these risks through therapeutic optimization, monitoring of laboratory parameters, early identification of drug interactions, and patient education. Evidence?based deprescribing strategies and routine safety surveillance are essential to minimize preventable harm while preserving therapeutic benefit. This review highlights the clinical significance of omeprazole?associated ADRs from a pharmacist’s perspective, emphasizing the importance of rational prescribing, vigilant monitoring, and interdisciplinary collaboration in ensuring patient safety.

Keywords: Omeprazole, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Adverse Drug Reactions, Clinical Pharmacist, Patient Safety

With India and the United States having the highest rates of the disease, diabetes mellitus is becoming a global public health concern. In India, which is expected to have the world's biggest diabetic population (more than 101 million by 2023), accessibility and price are major concerns. A significant component of the antidiabetic medication market, which is projected to reach a valuation of USD 1.7 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.5% to reach USD 2.01 billion by 2029^[1]. The primary treatment for Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is still metformin, which is augmented by sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, and more recently, SGLT2 inhibitors. With new limitations on illogical fixed-dose combinations, regulatory bodies such as the CDSCO are actively trying to guarantee the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceuticals ^[2]. Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels or hyperglycaemia, which results from abnormalities in either insulin secretion or insulin action, or both. According to the report from CDC’s National Diabetes Statistics Report, there are about 37.3 million cases of diabetes in the US which is 11.3% of the US population. The kind of drug most frequently used to treat type 1 diabetes Insulin. Insulin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, dopamine-2 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, meglitinides and SGLT2 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and other drugs are commonly used orally to treat type 2 diabetes ^[3].

Keywords: Antidiabetics, Diabetes Mellitus, Regulatory Bodies, CDSCO, FDA, United States