ABSTRACT

Modafinil is a wakefulness - promoting agent  (or eugeroic) used for treatment of disorders such as narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive  daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea.  It is sold under the brand names Alertec, Modavigil, and Provigil. Various analytical methods used for the estimation of Modafinil have been reviewed in this paper. These include Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC, Stability indicating RP-HPLC, HPTLC, Capillary zone electrophoresis, simultaneous determination by HPLC, LC-MS/MS, Liquid –liquid extraction,  HPLC , bidimensional HPLC, GC-MS and Solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC  in rat serum and urine  to determine the amount of Modafinil in bulk drug, pharmaceutical dosage form and biological fluids. These analytical methods can be used for qualitative and quantitative estimation of Modafinil in bulk, formulation and biological fluids.

Keywords: Modafinil, bulk drug, dosage form, biological fluids, analytical methods, estimation.

ABSTRACT

Gauchers disease affects both males and females. It is a rare hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism caused by an enzyme deficiency and characterized by enlargement of the spleen and liver, bone lesions and sometimes neurological impairment. About 1 in 100 people in the United States are carriers of common type of Gauchers disease. It is classified in to three types. Type 2 Gaucher disease is a very rare, rapidly progressive form of gaucher disease which affects the brain (central nervous system) as well as the spleen, liver, lungs and bones. Formerly called infantile gaucher disease, it is characterized by severe neurological (brain) involvement in the first year of life. The accurate diagnosis is mainly based upon enzyme and genetic testing. There are several treatment for Gauchers disease. The glucocerebrosidase genes are carried on autosomal chromosome number 1. If a person has at least one normal glucocerebrosidase gene, then the person will not develop Gaucher disease. The symptoms of Gauchers disease are classified based on organ systems like heart, liver, skin, eyes, haematological and lymphatic. Psychological counseling is important for patients and families with GD given the likelihood of incapacitating symptoms and chronic nature of the disease.

Keywords: Gauchers disease, Types, Symptoms, Treatment options.

ABSTRACT

The discovery of the cubosomes is the unique story & spans the fields of the food science, biological membranes, differential geometry & digestive processes. The cubosomes are the square & rounded particles with the internal cubic lattices visible. The cubosomes are self-assembled nanostructured particles formed by the aqueous lipid & surfactant systems. The cubosomes are the thermodynamically stable, they have the structure like “honeycombed” with the bicontinuous domains of the water & lipid in which the surfactant assembles into the bilayers & twisted into the 3 dimension, periodic & the minimal surface forming the structure which are tightly packed. They exhibit the different internal cubic structure & composition with different drug-loading modalities. In drug nano formulations the cubosome have great potential for the melanoma therapy owing to their potential advantages which includes high drug payloads due to the high internal surface area & cubic crystalline structures relatively biodegradability of lipids, the simple preparation method, targeting & controlled release of the bioactive agents, the ability of encapsulating the hydrophilic, hydrophobic & amphiphilic substances, The cubosome dispersions are biocompatible & bioadhesive. Due to their properties the cubosome are versatile systems administrable by different routes such as parenterally, orally& percutaneously. Hydrating the surfactant or the polar lipid that forms the cubic phase & then dispersing the solid like phase into the smaller particles usually forms the cubosomes. To encapsulate guest molecules such novel particles are utilized which are either amphiphilic, lipophilic or hydrophilic due to its structure compartmentalization.

Keywords: Cubosomes, nanostructured, Surfactants, Melanoma therapy

ABSTRACT

Pulsatile Drug Delivery systems (PDDS) are basically time-controlled drug delivery systems in which the system controls the lag time and drug is released in an immediate or extended fashion. The present study was conducted to develop and evaluate pulsatile release tablets of Rabeprazole sodium for the treatment of peptic ulcers. The compression coated tablets consisted of a core tablet containing drug with superdisintegrant, which was further coated by erodible outer layer consisted of HPMC K15M, ethyl cellulose and Karaya gum. After carrying out preformulation studies, the developed tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters like weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content and in-vitro drug release study. The best formulation was selected on the basis of post-compression parameters and was subjected to accelerated stability studies for 1 month. Amongst 6 formulations prepared, C5 produced convincing results with a maximum cumulative drug release of 99.97% in 150 minutes. Also the formulation didn’t show any significant changes during 1 month period of stress testing. By virtue of its release pattern and delivering the drug at the right time, right place and in right amounts, the developed delivery system holds good promises of benefiting the patients suffering from peptic ulcers. The release profile of optimized formulation C5 was close to korsmeyer peppas model. Irrespective of the polymer type and its concentration, the prepared optimized pulsatile tablets showed non fickian (anomalous) release.

Keywords: Pulsatile, Chronotherapeutic, Circadian rhythms, Proton pump inhibitor, Superdisintegrant

ABSTRACT

The most popular solid dosage forms are being tablets and capsules; one important drawback of these dosage form for some patients, is the difficulty to swallow. Drinking water plays an important role in swallowing of oral dosage forms. For these reasons tablets that can rapidly dissolve or disintegrate in the oral cavity have attracted a great deal of attention. Mouth dissolving tablets are not only indicated for people who have swallowing difficulties, but also are ideal for active people. The concept of formulating Mouth dissolving tablets containing Metformin Hydrochloride offer a suitable and practical approach in serving the desired objective of faster disintegration and dissolution characteristic with increase bioavailability.

Keywords: Metformin Hydrochloride, Antidiabetic activity, Melt Granulation Technique, Superdisintegrant, Mouth Dissolving Tablet.

ABSTRACT

Vateria indica Linn (sarja) is one of the plant species that cultivated near the Western Ghats, On critically analyzing the status of Vateria indica Linn. It have  carminative and digestant activity. It is used as the oral medicament for treatment of various disease but it was found to be over exploited & highly felled for the purpose of making plywood. The current study was performed for anti-inflammatory activity of the Vateria indica leaves . Extraction of dried materials were performed with the help of successive solvents extraction(SSE) with the help of soxhlet apparatus. The anti-inflammatory of Vateria indica leaves were performed according to the guideline of World Health Organization (WHO). The anti-inflammatory activity of the Vateria indica extracts showed may be due to presence alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids and glycosides. ³

Keywords- Extraction, Anti-inflammatory activity, Vateria indica Linn

ABSTRACT

A simple, specific, accurate and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the estimation of Venlafaxine hydrochloride in pure and Pharmaceutical dosage form. Kromasil C₁₈ column having 150 mm x 4.6 mm internal diameter, 5 µm particle sizes in isocratic mode with mobile phase containing mixture of methanol and water in the ratio of 65:35 v/v was used. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 225 nm. The retention time for Venlafaxine was 2.424 min. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found 2.97µg/ml and 9.92 µg/ml respectively and recovery of Venlafaxine from tablet formulation was found 100.4 %. The proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of Venlafaxine in tablet dosage form.

Keywords: Venlafaxine, HPLC, Validation, Tablets.

ABSTRACT

A rapid, simple, selective, and specific reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for estimation of Naproxen and Sumatriptan from tablet using spiked human plasma. The chromatographic separation was performed on Phenomenex Luna C18 column (5μm, 25cmx4.6mm id)  with a mobile phase comprised of Acetonitrile: Methanol: phosphate buffer pH 6 (50:10:40 v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 1-3 µg/ml. The developed method was found to accurate and sensitive. Results of recovery studies prove the extraction efficiency. Stability data indicated that Sumatriptan and Naproxen was stable in plasma after three freeze thaw cycles and upon storage at −20°C for 30 days.

Keywords: Sumatriptan, Naproxen, Human Plasma, RP-HPLC

ABSTRACT

Objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Obesity by Waist to Height Ratio and Body Mass Index. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured in 500 primary school children. Body Mass Index and Waist to Height Ratio were calculated. Categorization of children on the basis of weight, height and Body Mass Index was done. Prevalence of Obesity was determined at Waist to Height Ratio cut offs of 0.48 and 0.5 and compared with Body Mass Index. Prevalence of Obesity as per Body Mass Index was 16.17% in boys and 12.07% in girls. At Waist to Height Ratio cut off of 0.5, 18.72% of boys and 24.9% of girls were obese and at Waist to Height Ratio cut off 0.48, 31.06% of boys and 39.24% of girls were obese. When validated against Body Mass Index, sensitivity and specificity of Waist to Height Ratio at 0.5 cut off were 41.43% and 81.16% respectively and at 0.48 cut off were 55.71% and 67.91% respectively. Hence, Waist to Height Ratio of cut off 0.48 may be employed a useful screening test for Obesity in primary school children.

Keywords: Obesity, Body Mass Index, Waist to Height Ratio, primary school children.

ABSTRACT

A new simple and sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed and validated as per the ICH guidelines for the estimation of fenoverine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved  on Enable 18H C₁₈  column (250 x 4.6mm, 5µm)  with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and phosphate buffer pH 7 (55:45) at flow rate of 0.8ml/min using in isocratic elution mode. Detection was carried out at 262nm with the retention time of 4.7mins. Linearity in the calibration plot was achieved over the concentration range of 5-25ng/ml with an r² value of 0.997. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity and selectivity, robustness, detection and quantification limits and system suitability parameters according to ICH guidelines Q2 R1. The detection limit and quantitation limit were found to be 1.3ng/ml and 4ng/ml respectively. Further the validated method was successfully applied for the analysis of fenoverine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Keywords: Fenoverine, RP HPLC, Validation.

ABSTRACT

To develop rapid, rugged, precise and an accurate stability indicating analytical method for estimation of related substances in Ursodeoxycholic Acid tablets. The separation of impurities and Ursodeoxycholic Acid drug is achieved by an isocratic chromatographic method on C18, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5µm column. The mobile phase consists of buffer, acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio of 35:28:37 v/v/v pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute 35:37:28v/v/v pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute. The detection was carried out by using refractive index (RI) detector. The proposed chromatographic method was validated and found to be linear over the concentration range from LOQ to 150.0% of impurity limit level.  Overall mean recovery of Chenodeoxycholic acid impurity was found to be 100.6±4.0%w/w The method was found to be simple, stability indicating, precise, accurate and robust which can be utilized for estimation of related substances in Ursodeoxycholic Acid tablets

Keywords: Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Impurity, chromatography, Forced degradation, stability indicating.

ABSTRACT

To develop a new, economical, precise and accurate stability indicating HPTLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Adapalene in bulk drug. The present study deals with development and validation of stability indicating HPTLC method for estimation of Adapalene. Chromatographic separation was performed on aluminium plate pre-coated with Silica Gel 60 F₂₅₄ using Tetrahydrofuran: 2-Propanol: Water (3:3:3 v/v/v) as a mobile phase. The wavelength selected for densitometric scanning was 230 nm. Regression plots revealed linear relationship in the concentration range of 20-120 ng spot^-1. The R_f value of Adapalene was found to be 0.76 (±0.02).The LOD and LOQ were found to be 3.15 and 9.57 ng spot^-1respectively. The method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, demonstrating to be accurate and precise within the corresponding linearity range of titled analytes. Inherent stability of the drug was studied by exposing drug to acid, alkali, oxidative, photolytic and thermal conditions. Relevant degradation was found to take place under these conditions. The proposed method has been validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. This method can be used for routine quality control analysis of Adapalene in bulk drug.

Keywords: Validation, Adapalene, HPTLC, Stability indicating method.

ABSTRACT

Leaves of Xylosma longifolium, Hyptis suaveolens and Oreocnide integrifolia collected from the Imphal East District, Manipur were analysed for phytochemical constituents. Leave extracts were prepared with methanol by Soxhlet apparatus. Alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, tannin, terpenoid, steroid, saponin and glycosides were detected in the three samples. Glycosides was absent in Xylosma longifolium and terpinoid in Oreocnide integrifolia. Steroid and saponin were also not found in Hyptis suaveolens. Total phenol, flavonoid and tannin contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, Aluminium chloride and Folin-Denis method respectively. The total phenol contents in terms of gallic acid equivalent were 57.38±2.563 mg/g, 65.00±0.475 mg/g and 50.87±0.035  mg/g of dry wt;  total flavonoid contents in terms of quercetin equivalent were 36.70±0.676  mg/g,  49.24±0.521 mg/g and  32.78±1.753mg/g of dry wt.  and total tannin contents in terms of tannic acid equivalent  were  31.08±1.300 mg/g, 41.14±0.850 mg/g and 30.95±0.759 mg/g of dry wt. in the methanolicS leave extract of X.longifolium,  O.integrifolia and H.suaveolens  respectively .The order of total phenol , flavonoid and tennin contents of the samples were Oriocnide integrefolia> Xylosma longifolium >Hyptis suaveolens. It shows that Oriocnide integrefolia has the highest medicinal value than the two studied plants.  The present study evidence that these plants are of therapeutic potential as a good number of bioactive chemical compounds have been confirmed.

Keywords: Methanol, Phenol, Flavonoid, Tannin, Phytochemicals, Soxhlet apparatus

ABSTRACT

The complex permittivity (ε*) is composed of a real part relative dielectric constant  (ε’)  and an imaginary part  dielectric loss (ε’’).  Dielectric constant (e’) and dielectric loss (e’’) of pure groundnut oil are measured at different temperatures and frequencies. X-band microwave bench operating in the frequency range 8.2-12.4 GHz is tuned to desired constant frequency. It is observed that the dielectric constant (e’) of groundnut oil decreases with increase in temperature while the dielectric loss (e”) increases with increase in temperature. The dielectric constant (e’) of groundnut oil decreases with increase in frequency, while dielectric loss (e”) increases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of groundnut oil samples are in good agreement with the earlier reported work.

Keywords: Microwave bench , Dielectric constant, Dielectric loss, groundnut oil.

ABSTRACT

Plants have been used as medicines for thousands of years. They have always been used as a rich source of biologically active drugs. According to WHO (World Health Organization) report, about 80% of the population, mostly in developing countries still depends on traditional medicinal system for their primary health care. The present investigation is focused on the phytochemical investigation of abutilon indicum species for anticancer activity. The Abutilon L. genus of the Malvaceae family comprises about 150 annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or even small trees widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical countries. The aqueous extract of the A. indicum L. showed significant cytotoxic activity against both the selected cancer cell lines viz. human breast cancer cell line MCF 7 and human lung cancer cell line A 549.

Keyword: WHO, Abutilon indicum, Anticancer activities, MTT assay.

ABSTRACT

Vitamin A and its derivatives (known as retinoids) play a crucial role in vision, inhibition of cell proliferation, cell division and differentiation and Fetal development. The active form of vitamin A is retinol, also known as vitamin A1 is found in animal products as preformed vitamin A. All-trans-retinol (vitamin A) has been studied as antioxidant in in vitro but limited data is available on cytotoxic effects of retinol on cancer cell lines. In this paper, the cytotoxic effects of retinol on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and prostate cancer cells (PC-3) were studied. Our experiments showed that maximum cytotoxicity was achieved at 48 hours and at 100µM concentration of all-trans-retinol on both the cell lines. The results have significant implications for understanding anti-cancer effects of all-trans-retinol on breast and prostate cancer cell lines.

Keywords: Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol), Cytotoxicity assays, MTT assay, Prostate cancer cells and Breast cancer cells.

ABSTRACT

Recently, nutritional and pharmaceutical benefits of pomegranate have raised a growing scientific interest. Our present work aimed, for the first time, to investigate the importance of the Lebanese pomegranate molasses. For that, we determined the chemical composition of six samples of molasses provided from different sources to know their contents in secondary metabolites having medical importance. Then the antioxidant capacity has been evaluated for the six samples. Chemical composition of pomegranate molasses was determined using a standard phytochemical screening. Total phenolic and total flavonoids contents have been evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and the aluminum chloride method respectively. Finally, free radical scavenging activity of molasses was evaluated using DPPH assay. The obtained results of the phytochemical screening of molasses pomegranate indicated the presence of various secondary metabolites such phenols, flavonoids, resins, and saponin in the different studied molasses. Also, all samples showed a higher antioxidant capacity reaching 90 %. Considering properties of the identified major compounds with the higher antioxidant power of the studied samples, molasses pomegranate could be used in the medicine field including the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.

Keywords: Molasses pomegranate; antioxidant capacity; phytochemical screening.

ABSTRACT

The present study focuses on developing sustained release matrix tablets of Ibrutinib aiming to increase the therapeutic efficacy, reduce the frequency of administration and to improve the patient compliance. Sustained release matrix tablets of Ibrutinib, were developed by using different drug polymer ratios HPMC phthalate, Eudragit L 100, Eudragit S 100 as matrix former. All lubricated formulations were compressed by direct compression and by wet granulation method. Compressed tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, content of active ingredient, friability, hardness, thickness, in-vitro dissolution, and swelling index. All the formulation showed compliance with pharmacopoeial standards. Among the different formulation, B8 showed sustained release of drug for 12 hours with 86.55% release. The selected formulation (B8) was subjected to stability studies for three months at 25°C/60% RH, 30°C/65% RH and 40°C/75% RH and showed stability with respect to release pattern and all physical parameters. The regression coefficient value of Higuchi plot was found to be 0.9925 that showed that drug was released by diffusion mechanism. The slope value of korsmeyer-peppas equation was found to be 0.5062 which indicating that drug was released by non-fickian release mechanism. The R² value for Hixson Crowell plot was found to be 0.9919 which indicates that drug release was limited by drug particle dissolution rate and erosion of the polymer matrix. Thus, drug in combination with Eudragit S 100 were found to be effective in retarding the release of Ibrutinib.

Keywords:  Ibrutinib, sustained release, matrix tablet, HPMC phthalate, Eudragit L 100, Eudragit S 100.

ABSTRACT

In the present research study focuses on formulate and evaluate Polymeric Microparticles of Eprosartan Mesylate aiming to increase the therapeutic efficacy, reduce the frequency of administration and to improve the patient compliance. Controlled release polymeric microparticles of Eprosartan Mesylate, were formulate by using different drug polymer ratios HPMC Phthalate and Eudragit S 100. The various formulations of controlled release Polymeric Microparticles of Eprosartan Mesylate were formulated by using various concentrations of different polymers HPMC Phthalate and Eudragit S 100 by fusion method. The Polymeric Microparticles were evaluated for pre compression and post compression parameters (Angle of repose, Tapped density & Percentage compressibility index) and In-vitro dissolution. The results indicated that the, physical parameters of microparticles were within the Pharmacopeial specifications. Among the different formulation, F4 showed controlled release of drug for 24 hours with 80.27% release. The kinetic drug release, the data was treated according to different model. The drug release data of F1-F5 fitted to Higuchi plots were best fit into Higuchi equation and diffusion mechanism. The result shows that, drug release rate for the F4 formulation follow the zero order mechanism. The selected formulation (F4) was subjected to stability studies for three months at 25°C/60% RH, 30°C/65% RH and 40°C/75% RH and showed stability with respect to release pattern and all physical parameters. Thus, drug in Polymeric Microparticles with Eudragit S 100 were found to be effective in retarding the release of Eprosartan Mesylate.

Keywords:  Eprosartan Mesylate, controlled release polymeric microparticles, HPMC phthalate,  Eudragit S 100.

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to develop a simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and reproducible high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of salicylic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Shimadzo Prominance model L20 AD HPLC system equipped with SPD 20A UV-Vis detector was used for the analysis. The separation was done on RESTEX allure C18 column (3 μm, 15 cm × 4.6 mm), for an isocratic elution a mixture of water, methanol and glacial acetic acid (65:35:1, v/v) mobile phase at a wavelength of 254 nm. The flow rate was 1.0mL/min. The RP-HPLC method developed for analysis of salicylic acid was validated with respect to specificity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness as per the ICH guidelines. The retention time of salicylic acid was 7.575 min. The linearity was established over the concentration ranges of 50-350 μg/mL with correlation coefficients ( r²) 0.999.  The percentage accuracy of salicylic acid ranged from 99.76 -101.66%. The relative standard deviation values for intra-day and inter-day precision was lower than 2.0% and the assay result was found to be in the range 99.57-101.32%. Salicylic acid was subjected to stress conditions such as neutral, acidic, alkaline, oxidation and photolysis degradations as per ICH guidelines. The degradation studies revealed that the drug was found to degrade maximum (1.67%) in alkaline degradation conditions and was highly resistant towards neutral, acidic, oxidative and photolytic degradation conditions.

Keywords: Salicylic acid, RP-HPLC, Validation, Stability-indicating, stress degradation, ICH guidelines

ABSTRACT

The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus in the population of Pune, Maharashtra [India]. The present study included analysis of  ABO blood group. The data of blood group obtained among 500 subjects of every age taken randomly from the local population of Pune city in the duration of Sept 2014 to February 2015. Out of that 359 were male and 141 were female patients suffering Diabetes Mellitus. From present study it is concluded that there is relativity in between blood groups & diabetes mellitus. The association exists between blood group B + ve   and Diabetic Mellitus. The result of study shows that 50 % of diabetic patient having B +ve blood group. In this study, frequency of ABO blood groups observed was in an order of B +ve > A +ve > O +ve > AB +ve > B -ve.> A -ve

Keywords: ABO Blood group, Diabetes mellitus, population, B +ve ,A +ve.

ABSTRACT

Synthesis new organic azo dye 4-amino-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-((4-(N-pyrimidin-2-ylsulfamoyl)phenyl)diazenyl) benzenesulfonamide as reagent (SA) and Study some Analytical properties of Co(II) and Ni(II) metals complexes .The azo dye compound and its complexes were characterized by elemental analysis (C.H.N.S), Uv-Vis, FT- IR, ¹H-NMR and measurements of molar conductivity. The data show that the complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) metals  have the composition of [MR]X₂ type. Octahedral environment is suggested for metal complexes. The synthesized compounds were screened against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus for antibacterial activity.

Keywords: Sulfadiazine, Azo, antibacterial activity and complexes

ABSTRACT

The novel series of 2-mercaptobenzimodazole derivative were synthesized by using secondary amine i.e. diethyl amine and aromatic aldehyde. In Mannish reaction instead of formaldehyde other aromatic aldehyde was used. This was main aim of present study. Same derivatives were synthesized by using Microwave technique & reaction time, practice yield were compared. The purity of synthesized compounds was checked by Melting point and TLC and their structure was established by various analytical techniques such as IR,¹HNMR, Mass spectral studies. These Compounds were screened for their  Anticonvulsant activity.  Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated by PTZ induced model.

Keyword- Mannich reaction, 2-Mercapto Benzimidazole, Aromatic aldehyde.

ABSTRACT

An HPLC method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of tenofovir disoproxil and emtricitabine in bulk and in their tablet dosage form. Separation and analysis of both drugs was achieved on Supelco C18 (250 x 4.6 mm; 5 µm particle size) analytical column with temperature set at 25˚C. The best chromatographic condition was found as an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 0.2 M ammonium acetate (pH 4.5) and methanol in a ratio of 65: 35 (% v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min for 6 minutes. The retention of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil was found to be 3.020 min and 4.264 min, respectively. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and various validation parameters (system suitability, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness) were determined. The results of validation parameters are satisfactory. Applicability of the developed and validated HPLC method was checked in tablet dosage form.

Keywords: Tenofovir disoproxil, Emtricitabine, HPLC method, Validation, Estimation.

ABSTRACT

The present study involved preparation of solid dispersions of Olmesartan medoxomil to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate in order to enhance bioavailability. Olmesartan is a BCS Class II anti-hypertensive drug, having low aqueous solubility and low bioavailability of 26%.  In the present study, solid dispersions of Olmesartan with different carriers like Poloxamer 407, PEG 4000  and crospovidone in different ratios (1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, 1 : 4) were prepared by solvent evaporation method.  The formulations were further characterized for percentage yield, drug content, in vitro release study,  and stability study. In vitro release studies revealed that the solid dispersions prepared by solvent evaporation method crospovidone (1 : 4) was considered as the best formulation because of its faster drug release among all formulations.  Infrared spectroscopy (IR) studies revealed that no interactions exist between drug and polymer. Powder X-ray diffraction studies showed a significant decrease in crystalline nature of drug in solid dispersions. In conclusion, solid dispersions of Olmesartan in crospovidone (1:4) have shown to be a promising approach to enhance the bioavailability of Olmesartan.

Keywords: Solid dispersion, Poloxamer 407, Dissolution enhancement, Olmesartan, Crospovidone, Solvent Evaporation.

ABSTRACT

The main objective of present work is to formulate and evaluate Diclofenac sodium Effervescent tablets. Diclofenac sodium is an established analgesic developed for rapid absorption, which may be beneficial in treating acute migraine. Diclofenac sodium Effervescent tablets was prepared using excipients like sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, mannitol, sodium benzoate, talc, vanillin and varying concentrations of Sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose using direct compression technique. The powder blend of all formulations were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. All the prepared formulations were tested for physical parameters like weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability ,assay ,effervescence time, wetting time and P^H and found to be within the pharmacopoeia limits .Optimized formulation was selected based on the criteria the max amount of drug release within 9 min. Among six formulations F3 was found to be the best formulation as more than 90% of drug is released within 9 min compared to other formulations. The drug release profiles of optimized Diclofenac sodium effervescent tablets was compared with that of dispersible marketed product and it was observed that the drug release from effervescent tablets was much faster than that of marketed dispersible tablets. 

Keywords: Effervescent tablets, Diclofenac sodium, Direct compression method, In vitro dissolution studies

ABSTRACT

Prenatal diagnosis employs a variety of techniques to determine the health of fetus. Without knowledge gained by prenatal diagnosis, there could be an untoward outcome for the fetus or the mother or both. There are a variety of non-invasive and invasive techniques available for prenatal diagnosis. Each of them can be applied only during specific time periods during the pregnancy for greatest utility. All current methods of fetal karyotyping are invasive and carry a definite, albeit small, procedure-related risk. Because of this and testing costs, only women older than 35 years who have a greater risk for fetal aneuploidy are currently offered prenatal testing. The isolation and analysis of fetal cells from maternal blood would allow non-invasive prenatal genetic screening and diagnosis. One method that is currently being explored involves culturing fetal cells. Developing conditions which allow the number of fetal-derived cells to expand in culture and the number of maternally derived cells to be suppressed in culture may lead to a new selection process for obtaining fetal cells. In this paper the isolation of fetal cells using magnetic cell sorter methods was discussed. It was found that 5000 cells were present in 28 million maternal cells.

Keywords: Prenatal diagnosis, fetal cells, markers for fetal cells , isolation of fetal cells and culturing of fetal cells

ABSTRACT

Plant phenolics, saponins and flavonoids have a powerful biological activity, which outlines the necessity of their determination. The present work was aimed to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Sesbania cannabina leaves. The total phenolic content was determined by folin-ciocatechu reagent using gallic acid as standard and total flavonoid content by aluminium chloride assay using rutin as a standard .The total saponin content was determined by vanillin reagent using diosgenin as a standard. Methanol extract of leaves showed highest amount of total phenolic content (231±0.86 mg/g equivalent of Gallic acid), total flavonoid content (87.10±0.38 mg/g equivalent of rutin) and total saponin content (50.66±0.57 mg/g equivalent of diosgenin). The results obtained from the present study provides evidence that extracts of Sesbania cannabina leaves contains secondary metabolites and this justifies the use of plant species as traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases.  

Keywords: Sesbania cannabina, leaves, phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, extract.

ABSTRACT

Aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of rhizome of Swertia petiolata were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced rat hind paw oedema. Hydro-alcoholic extract decreased the inflammation by 66.66%, 68.10% and 77.7% at 1, 2 and 3 hours post treatment, while as the aqueous extract decreased the inflammation by 68%, 68% and 70.30% respectively. Aceclofenac (used as a standard anti-inflammatory allopathic control) could alleviate the inflammation to 62%, 64.05% and 66.66% under the identical experimental conditions. The extracts also exhibited good analgesic activity when tested by Tail Flick, Tail Clip and Hot plate Methods. The analgesic activity was evidenced by an increase in the reaction time by 8 and 7.5 seconds, 1 hour post treatment of hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts, respectively as determined by tail flick method.  The analgesic activity was also confirmed by tail clip and hot plate methods. In the tail clip method the increase in reaction time was by 8 and 8.1 seconds. Whereas by hot plate method it was 7.7 and 7.5 seconds. Aceclofenac under the similar conditions increased the reaction time by 9.5, 9.5 and 9.2 seconds respectively by the above methods.

Keywords: Swertia petiolata, antiinflammatory activity, analgesic activity.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present work is to develop hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer based control release matrix tablet of Ropinirole HCl (RPN) which can release the drug up to time period of 24 hr. Ropinirole is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist. Its biological half-life is about 5-6 hrs periods, It is given in dose of 8-10mg/day; it requires multiple dosing to maintain therapeutic drug blood levels. The most frequent side effect of RPN Immediate Release(IR) dosage form is fluctuations in plasma level concentration of drug which may lead to development of some symptoms of Parkinson Disease (PD). To avoid this, the control release formulation maintains steady plasma level concentration of drug throughout a period of 24 hrs, which avoids the symptom of PD. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis confirmed the absence of any drug polymer interaction. In present work different matrices are used to control release of Ropinirole. HPMC K100M, HPMC K15M, Gum guar, PEO etc. are used as Hydrophilic Release Rate Modifier. Hydrophobic release rate used are Ethyl cellulose, Glyceryl Monostearate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil. Tablets (F1-F12, F29-F35) were prepared by Direct Compression and other batches (F12-F25) by Melt Granulation Technique. The tablets were evaluated for thickness, diameter, weight variation test, hardness, friability, and drug content. In vitro drug release studies were carried out in citrate buffer (pH 4) using a USP II dissolution apparatus at 100 rpm, Batch F29 give 96% CDR till the period of 24 hr, it also avoids initial burst release. The best fit model for F29 formulation follows Zero order  (r²= 0.989) and n value was found to be 0.91 which signified that release pattern of optimized batch F29 follows the Fickian diffusion. SEM study of F29 was also performed. During Accelerated Stability studies formulation F29 was found to be stable. Thus the matrix tablets of Ropinirole HCl were prepared successfully.

Keywords: Ropinirole HCl, Controlled Release, Parkinson Disease

ABSTRACT

To study the prescribing pattern of antidepressants and their outcome differences in the Psychiatric unit of a Tertiary care hospital. A prospective observational study was carried out in the psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) of Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital. A total of 85 patients were enrolled for the study to investigate the prescribing pattern of antidepressants using a predesigned format out of which 82 of them completed the study successfully. Majority of subjects affected in our study were young adults within the age group of 19-38 years followed by age group 38-58 years Females suffered from depression more than their male counterparts. It was also found that married individuals (74.39%) suffered more from depression than unmarried people Bipolar affective disorder (85.9%) was the most common diagnosis in this study .Monotherapy was practiced more frequently than polytherapy with 2or more drugs and conventional drugs like SSRIs are more preferred than newer antidepressants in the hospital with Escitalopram being the most commonly prescribed drug. Females suffer from depression more than their male counterparts while the age of onset is almost same. Escitalopram, a newer drug belonging to SSRI, is the most frequently prescribed antidepressant whereas duloxetine is the preferred drug from newer antidepressant class (SNRIs & NDRIs combination). All the three major anti-depressants groups are equipotent at 2 months HDRS scoring.

Keywords: Antidepressants, India, Prescribing patterns, SSRI

ABSTRACT

A simple, rapid, accurate and precise high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of alogliptin and metformin active pharmaceutical ingredients and fixed dose combination. Alogliptin and metformin densitograms were developed on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ HPTLC plates with chloroform: methanol: 0.5 % ammonium sulphate (4:4:2 %v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric quantification was performed at 254 nm. For Alogliptin and Metformin R_f values were found as 0.66 and 0.44, respectively. The linearity curves of Alogliptin and Metformin were obtained in the concentration range of 100-500 ng/spot and 4000-20000 ng/spot by area with correlation co-efficient of 0.998 and 0.995 for Alogliptin and Metformin, respectively. Limit of detection was found to be 2 ng and 40 ng/spot for Alogliptin and Metformin, respectively; lowest possible quantity to be quantified by the proposed method was found to be 6 ng and 130 ng per spot for Alogliptin and Metformin, respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness. The developed method was validated and found to be selective, specific and suitable for application in pharmaceutical analysis of these drugs in bulk and fixed dose combination.

Keywords: Alogliptin, HPTLC, Metformin, Methanol.

ABSTRACT

Chitosan-g-AMPS was synthesized using free radical initiators and characterized by FTIR, PXRD, SEM and TGA analysis. The 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulphonic acid (AMPS) concentration has been optimized from 3.5 x 10^-2  to 19.5 x 10^-2 mol dm^-3 to get maximum grafting of AMPS monomer onto chitosan. The FTIR spectral analysis proves the successful grafting and the PXRD spectra reveals the increase in crystallinity due to grafting of AMPS. SEM images exposed that smooth form of chitosan was changed into porous and fluffy structure after grafting. The cumulative drug diclofenac sodium release was studied in colonic medium. Delivery of drug was 13% and 55% during 4 h of assay in gastro-enteric and colonic system respectively and chitosan was dissolved about 53% and 65% in gastro-enteric and colonic system, respectively. The drug release behavior depends on the pH of medium as well as on the nature of beads, and AMPS grafted chitosan shows slow release of diclofenac sodium.

Keywords: chitosan, drug delivery, grafting.

ABSTRACT

Synthesis of phenyl (5-substituted phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) methanediamine (TDZ-A to TDZ-C), reaction between aryl aldehydes and Thiosemicarbazide yielded thiosemicarbazone. Thiosemicarbazone in the presence of citric acid and sodium acetate gives 2-amino-5-aryl -1,3,4-thiadiazole, which is treated with aniline in the presence of formaldehyde to obtained targeted compounds phenyl(5-substituted phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methanediamine. The synthesized Thiadiazoles have been characterized on the basis of analytical spectral data. The resulted compounds were screened for their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities.

Keywords: Aromatic aldehydes, Thiosemicarbazide, Formaldehyde, Antioxidant activity, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity.