ABSTRACT

Gold nanoparticles are emerging as promising agents for cancer therapy and are being investigated as drug carriers, photothermal agents, contrast agents and radiosensitise. Cancer is the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. In this review some various nanotechnology is found the 10 new technique and treated with all the cancer treatment is beneficial compare to other cancer therapy. Will the synthesis of various gold nano particles and find out the gold nano shells, gold nano cages, gold colloidal nano spheres. Then Nanoparticles can be used to target bio-markers or antigens that are highly specific to Cancer cells. This gold nano particles using the therapy Rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Cancer detection. The introduces to the cancer diseases, nano particles techniques, cancer therapy, then various types of the gold nano particles, properties of cancer cells, future scope of cancer treatment, applications, background of cancer treatment will be discussed.

Keywords: Gold nano particles techniques, cancer treatment, clinical trials.

ABSTRACT

In the recent year colonic drug delivery has gained importance for delivery of drug for the treatment of local diseases associated with colon and systemic delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Treatment could be more effective if it is possible for drug to be directly delivered to colon. During the last decade there are new developments in site-specific formulations for targeting drug to the colon. Colon has proved to be a site for the absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Micro carriers as colon drug delivery System has gained importance for the delivery of the drug in the colon because of their increase biocompatibility, controlled release of drug and higher stability. This review is discusses in brief about introduction to colon, Micro Carrier as colon drug delivery system. Oral delivery is still the most favorable route of drug administration, especially for chronic therapies where repeated administration of drug is required. Oral administration offers less pain, good patient convenience and reduced risk of cross infection and needle stick injuries.

Keywords: Colon targeted drug delivery system, Microsphere, Preparation and Evaluation of Microsphere etc.

ABSTRACT

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness which caused by a beta corona virus. The initial occurrence of MERS-CoV was thought to have particular predominance for male patients and those with comorbid diseases. Median incubation period of a MERS-CoV infection is 5 days. Potential risk factors are obesity, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, cardiac disease, hypertension, lung disease, including asthma and cystic fibrosis, and any immunosuppressive condition. Clinical symptoms include gastro-intestinal, respiratory, chest pain, malaise, myalgia, fever etc. Complications are ventricular tachycardia, cardiac arrest, pericarditis and multi-organ failure. Treatment for MERS CoV is not clear. The control of MERS-CoV infection relies on prompt identification of cases within health care facilities, with institutions applying appropriate infection control measures. In addition, determining the exact route of transmission from camels to humans would further add to the control measures of MERS-CoV infection.

Keywords: middle East respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus, Complications, Dromedary camels.

ABSTRACT

Currently, food supplements benefit a high level of trust among consumers. Their use by society is not restricted, and their promotion is often a source of false information and deception. The objective of our work is to study trade regulation of food supplements marketed in Senegal by Forever living and Organo Gold. This is a retrospective study of oral food supplements with high-rotation, marketed by Forever and Organo Gold. A data collection questionnaire was administered to managers of both companies. Data were compared with current regulations and case law. Forever and Organo gold are selling "Ginko plus and Reishi" food supplements that meet drug definition by presentation and function. However, these companies are managed by non-pharmacists, who hold the majority of shares, and are not subject to any marketing conditions. Labeling of Ginko Plus and Ganoderma has limits on consumer information and health claims. Also, products are subject to a promotional campaign which can be harmful to consumers. In Senegal, there is no specific regulatory framework for food supplements. Thus, Forever and Organo Gold can be attacked for offense of illegal practice of pharmacy. Therefore, they must comply with the safety requirement, which would consist of a prior declaration to the regulatory authority, of labeling model and the nutritional status of food supplements used.

Keywords: Food supplement - Forever living - Organo gold - Ginko - Reishi - Ganoderma

ABSTRACT

Analysis of pharmaceutical and neutral compound and newer drugs commonly used in all the stages of drug discovery and development process. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is one of the easiest instrumental technique based on the full capabilities of thin layer chromatography.it is still increasingly finding its way in pharmaceutical analysis with the advancements in the stationary phase and the introduction of the densitometers as detection equipment and the technique achieves high precision and trueness comparable to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Keywords: Force degradation, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), stability indicating method, validation (1).

ABSTRACT

Swine flu, also known as Hog or Pig flu, or H₁N₁ is a highly contagious viral infection caused by influenza A viruses of the family orthomyxoviridae. The term “influenza” derived from Italian word “influence” was coined in 1357 AD as the disease was thought to be caused by influence of stars, It was first isolated from Pigs in 1930 in USA. It is a viral respiratory disease caused by viruses that infects pigs, resulting in nasal secretions, barking cough, decreased appetite, & listless behavior. Swine virus consist of eight RNA strands, one strand derived from human flu strains, two from avian (bird) strains, and five from swine strains. Swine flu spreads from an infected person to a healthy person by inhalation or ingestions of droplets contaminated with virus while sneezing or coughing. Antiviral drugs effective against this virus are Tamiflu and Relenza, while rapid antigen testing (RITD), DFA testing, viral culture, and molecular testing (RT-PCR) are used for its diagnosis in laboratory.

Keywords: swine flu, H₁N₁, Influenza virus.

ABSTRACT

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, and mucin molecules increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption. Bioadhesion may be defined as the state in which two materials, at least one of which is of a biological nature, are held together for extend periods of time by interfacial forces Mucosal layer represents potential sites for the attachment of any bioadhesive systems because mucosal layer lines number of the body including the gastro intestinal tract, the urogenital tract, vaginal tract, the eye, ear, and nose. The mucoadhesive Bilayer tablets consisting of two various types of drug molecules and they show on set of actions at their particular sites. This review describes the structure of mucosal layer, mechanism of action of mucoadhesion, and preparation techniques of Bilayer tablets and evaluation parameters of tablets.

Keywords: Mucoadhesive drug delivery, Bilayer tablets, polymers, bioadhesive.

ABSTRACT

Delivering a therapeutic agent to the desired site is the major problem in the treatment of many diseases such as cancer. Conventional utilization of drug is characterized by its limited bio-distribution, its side effect, and lack of its selectivity. The poor solubility and large volume of distribution of anticancer drugs are the major problems in cancer therapy. Reducing size of drug and designing it into a suitable formulation and selecting a pathway for drug uptake is fundamental basis of nanotechnology. Great interest of nanoparticles is due their nanometer scale range. Their reduced particle size entails high surface area and hence a strategy for faster release. These particles are capable of deep penetration into the tissue without disrupting its functions. Thus, it has been suggested that nanoparticles should improve the therapeutic efficacy while decreasing the toxic side effects of anticancer drugs. The need for polymers with specific physical and biological properties has generated continued interest in novel polymer screening from natural resources.

Keywords: Target delivery, cancer, nanoparticles, natural polymer, biodegradable polymers.

ABSTRACT

The ocular drug delivery is one of the most challenging & interesting endeavors facingthe pharmaceutical companies in the market.  To circumvent the protective barriers of the eye without causing permanent tissue damage is the challenge to the formulator. Hence to improve the bioavailability of ocular drug considerable amount of research has been focused in developing the controlled drug delivery systems. The main aim of preparing the ocular insert is to increase the bioavailability of ocular drug. The Ocular inserts maintain the concentration of drug within the desired range. The Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the release of drug & to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for the prolong period of time. In this review, we have focused on the Barriers for Ocular drug delivery system, mechanism of action, classification of ocular insert.

Keywords: Ocular drug delivery, eye, sustain release.

ABSTRACT

Both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis plays a significant role in promising the safety and therapeutic efficacy of drugs in variety dosage forms. A bioanalytical method is a set of procedures involved in the collection, processing, storage, and analysis of a biological matrix for a chemical compound. Bioanalytical studies are employed to obtain a quantitative measure of the drug or its metabolites for the study of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetic, bioequivalence and exposure-response like pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic studies. Leukotriene receptor antagonists are widely used for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in different dosage forms. Drugs of this class are Zafirlukast, Montelukast and Pranlukast which are being potent drugs and are more than 99% bound to plasma proteins presenting special challenges in the development and validation of analytical methods from a variety of matrices. The main objective of this review is discussion on various analytical methods used, different solvents used as mobile phase and their retention times to understand final optimized chromatographic method which could be useful for the assessment of Pharmacokinetic parameters. Among different analytical methods, HPLC, LC-MS, UV-Visible spectroscopy and spectroflourimetric techniques are the most widely preferred techniques applied by the researchers worldwide. This review article gives information about various types of extraction procedures of the drug in plasma matrices to create an optimized method for method development and to offer practical approaches for determining validation parameters like specificity, selectivity, recovery, lower limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), linearity, range, accuracy, precision, stability, ruggedness and robustness of High performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC)  to support pharmacokinetic studies. Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for quantitation of drugs and their metabolites are very important for the successful conduct of preclinical and clinical pharmacology studies..

Keywords: Bioanalytical, Leukotriene receptor antagonists, Pranlukast, Montelukast, Zafirlukast, validation

ABSTRACT

The evaluation of plant products on the basis of medicinal and therapeutic properties forms a platform for the discovery of newer drug molecules from different plant sources. To compare anti-diabetic effect between two ethanolic extracts of selected plants locally available in Bobbili region, Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh, India on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. To compare anti-diabetic study, experimental rats were divided into five groups viz. Group I (Control), Group II (Diabetic, Streptozotocin, 50mg/kg bwt, i.p.), Group III (Diabetic with Glibenclamide(4mg/kg)), Group IV (Diabetic with Origanum majorana) and Group V (Diabetic with Indigofera linnaei Ali). Both plants extracts were supplemented with same dose i.e. 100mg/kg b.wt, orally. The blood glucose levels, lipid profile, body weight were evaluated in all above experimental groups before and after diabetes induction in 21 days pharmacological evaluation. Significantly decreased blood glucose level and simultaneously improved lipid profile and body weight in Group IV rats after oral administration of ethanol extract whereas in Group V rats are showing less effect compare to Group IV rats. Both the plant extracts effect compare with Group II and Group III rats statistically. Origanum majorana shows better antidiabetic activity because the leaf contain huge amount of antidiabetic phytoconstituents like rutin and quercetin flavonoids. In Indigofera linnaei Ali whole plant ethanol extract also shows antidiabetic activity because it contains kaempferol like important antidiabetic active constituents. Origanum majorana and Indigofera linnaei Ali plants may be used as a dietary supplement in diabetic patients. Further study is required to evaluate the antidiabetic activity.

Keywords: Origanum majorana, Indigofera linnaei Ali, Diabetes, Phytoconstituents

ABSTRACT

Coumarin Schiff bases (1-14) synthesized by microwave irradiation method, were evaluated by insilico techniques and for their antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results from insilico techniques showed that all the compounds exhibit drug likeness satisfying Lipinski rule of five having the ability to behave as drugs. These findings revealed that they are active nuclear receptor, GPCR ligand and enzyme inhibitors. Insilico OSIRIS predictions indicate that all the compounds suffer from teratogenic effect, compounds 9, 14 possesses mutagenic toxicity. OCHEM results clearly indicate that they are inhibitors of CYP1A2 a subtype of cytochrome P450. Compound 8 gave FRAP value nearer to the standard. The study provides a good scope for further development of novel targeted molecules.

Keywords: Microwave irradiation, insilico, FRAP, OCHEM, OSIRIS.

ABSTRACT

The present work carried out in the laboratory of Biomembranes and Cell Signaling of the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin aims to conduct a toxicological study on the ethyl extract of the leaves of Annona muricata, with a view to verifying the toxic effects in general, and in particular on the functioning of the kidneys and the liver in the wistar rat. In the present study, the extraction yield of this plant by ethanol was 9.6 ± 1.89. Then, on the one hand, the acute and subacute toxicities were induced in the rats of the experiment by gavage to our extracts at an interval of 48 hours for 10 days. These rats were distributed in 05 batches. Each batch receiving or not receiving a different dose of the Annona muricata extract. On the other hand, the toxic activity on the liver and kidneys was evaluated by daily gavage of 14 rats of 3 rats each using the Annona muricata ethyl extract at different doses (0.50 100 and 200 mg / kg).  Measurement of biochemical parameters (Urea, Creatinine, ASAT, and ALAT), weight-loss records, carried out during the first experiment showed that there was no significant increase urea, creatinine, and a significant decrease in ALT levels. On the other hand, a significant increase was observed in the ASAT. Following the death of the rat of lot 5 receiving 5000mg / kg, the LD50 was determined (LD 50 = 3750 mg / kg). This LD50 indicates that Annona muricata extract is weakly toxic. Sub-chronic administration of the extract confirmed that ASAT was progressively increasing in rats. The decrease in body mass was a good indicator of toxicity. In the second experiment, the measurement of biochemical parameters (Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, ASAT, ALAT) revealed an increase in the concentration of urea and creatinine and decreased concentration of uric acid at doses of extracts greater than or equal to 100 mg / kg PC. These results may suggest renal damage that has not been confirmed by the histological study of the organs taken (Liver and kidneys) from experimental rats. However, this study showed an early onset of hepatic involvement at the dose of 100mg / kg, which increased at a dose of 200mg / kg.

Keywords: Annona muricata, liver, kidneys, LD50, toxicity, Benin

ABSTRACT

Epilepsy is a disorder that is best viewed as symptoms of disturbed electrical activity in the brain, which may be caused by a wide variety of etiologies. It is a collection of many different types of seizures that vary widely in severity appearance, cause, consequence an management. The present study was done to evaluate, which drug is more effective than the other AED, used in tertiary care hospital. We studied and analyzed the pattern usage of AED in tertiary care hospital.  And evaluated the incidence of side effects of these drugs on the subjects in the study, studied the compliance to various recommendations/protocols for usage of AED in neurology intensive care unit, and also compared the commonest and least common anti epilepsy drugs in neurology care unit. Commonest drugs use in TBI, CVA, SAH, average age of patients having seizures. The required information was collected from the case sheets of individual patients in the designed data collection form. Patient details were collected through self designed, by patient interview, by prescriptions or by medication charts. The efficacy study conducted and was evaluated according to the declaration of ”HELNSIKI” (as embedded 1996) an by the incidence of adverse event reported by the patients.

Keywords: Epilepsy, AED, Efficacy, Adverse events, Seizures, Neuro care unit, Compliance, Incidence, Analyze, TBI, CVA, SAH.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different lubricants on pharmaceutical effectiveness of metronidazole tablets determined by the rate of release of drug from the dosage form. Different lubricants, like magnesium stearate, talc and the combination of both were used to prepare metronidazole tablets by direct compression method. The tablets were tested for quality control parameters such as uniformity of weight, thickness, diameter, contents assay, hardness, friability and disintegration time. Formulations were tested for the releasing pattern of drug from tablets by in-vitro dissolution test. Better results were achieved from formulation having magnesium stearate as lubricant based on compression force value. The content uniformity for all the three formulations was found in the range of 96.71 to 99.61%, while hardness was in the range of 7.39±0.341 to 10.375±0.95 Kg. The formulated tablets were also analyzed for dissolution profile which was more than 85% within 20 minutes. Then it was compared with dissolution profile of marketed products for quality and similarity analysis. Lubricant plays a key role in successful manufacturing of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Many failures in pharmaceutical manufacturing operations, directly or indirectly, can be controlled by appropriate screening of lubricants.

Keywords: Metronidazole; effects of lubricants; in-vitro dissolution; quality control analysis; magnesium stearate.

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to evaluate, aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Barleria longiflora L.f. for anti-inflammatory activity using Formalin induced paw oedema in rats. Animals were divided into 6 groups of 6 rats. Groups 1 and 2 served as Formalin induced control and standard (Diclofenac 5 mg/Kg, i.p.) respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were treated, orally with aqueous extract of Barleria longiflora L.f. of 100 and 400 mg/kg b.w, respectively. Groups 5 and 6 were administered, orally with ethanol extract of Barleria longiflora L.f. of 100 and 400 mg/kg b.w, respectively. The paw volume was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr after Formalin injection. The actual edema volume was calculated. The data was expressed as mean ± S.E.M. The statistical analysis was done by means of ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hock test. The aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Barleria longiflora L.f. exhibited significant reduction of edema in the rats. Ethanol leaf extract of Barleria longiflora L.f. revealed surpassing anti-inflammatory activity.

Keywords: Barleria longiflora L.f., inflammation, formalin, edema.

ABSTRACT

This study was taken up to assess the aqueous and ethanol extracts of whole plant of Potentilla anserina Linn for anti-inflammatory activity in rats by Formalin induced paw oedema method. Animals were divided into 6 groups of 6 rats. Groups 1 and 2 served as Formalin induced control and standard (Diclofenac 5 mg/Kg, i.p.) respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were treated, orally with aqueous extract of Potentilla anserina Linn of 100 and 400 mg/kg b.w, respectively. Groups 5 and 6 were administered, orally with ethanol extract of Potentilla anserina Linn of 100 and 400 mg/kg b.w, respectively. The paw volume was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr after Formalin injection. The actual edema volume was calculated. The data was expressed as mean ± S.E.M. The statistical analysis was done by means of ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hock test. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of whole plant of Potentilla anserina Linn produced significant reduction of edema in the rats. Ethanol extract of whole plant of Potentilla anserina Linn revealed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Keywords:  Potentilla anserina Linn, inflammation, formalin, edema.

ABSTRACT

Diabetes, the world largest metabolic disorder has become a serious threat to public health. The management of diabetes by synthetic drugs causes many unwanted complications. Hence this study was designed to explore the root Salep of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl against type-2 diabetes to achieve a complications free herbal treatment for the disease. The Streptozotocin (STZ) induced-diabetic rats were supplemented with root Salep orally daily at an effective dose (200 mg/ g of body weight). The body weights and fasting blood glucose levels were measured periodically for 32 days.  After treatment period, the animals were sacrificed and glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid profiles, antioxidant enzymes levels, liver function enzymes etc. were determined. Phytochemically determined terpenoids was extracted from the root and orally supplemented (4 mg/g body weight) to the induced-diabetic animals. Normalization of fasting blood glucose levels, significant (P<0.001) decrement of glycosylated haemoglobin percentage, liver enzymes activities and increase body weights and anti-oxidants levels were noted for the Salep supplemented diabetic rats. Terpenoids played the key role in such observations. The root Salep of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl or its terpenoids may be used as potentially herbal therapeutic agent for long term and effective solution against type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Keywords: Anti-oxidants, Diabetes, Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl, Lipid peroxidation, Toxicity.

ABSTRACT

Schiff bases and their complexes are playing very important role in medicinal chemistry from ancient period because of their broad range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and antiviral etc. In this research project several Schiff bases have been synthesized from p-toluidine and derivatives of benzaldehyde to investigate the antibacterial activity. The synthesized Schiff bases have been characterized by IR and ¹H-NMR spectral analysis. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against gram (+) and gram (–) bacterial strains by disc diffusion method. Among the synthesized compounds, the compound 5 showed strong efficacy against E. coli and the others showed moderate activity against bacterial strains.

Keywords: Schiff base, p-Toluidine, Benzaldehyde, Antibacterial activity

ABSTRACT

In Africa in general and Benin in particular the population is increasingly confronted with several pathologies such as hypertension. Even though modern medicine is well developed, this population uses traditional medicine because of its low purchasing power. But the lack of mastery of the dosage and its underlying effects remain archaic parameters and deserves special attention from the scientific world from which we have chosen to reflect on Tridax procumbens in order to come up with scientific arguments favorable to the promotion of the «Plant species. The present work was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of hydroethanolic extracts on the plasma and urinary concentrations of potassium, sodium and chloride ions in Wistar rats. After the preparation of the extracts and their gavage, the extraction yield was evaluated, the level of the K +, Na +, and Cl- ions was assayed in three batches of three male Wistar rats. Lots 2 and 3 respectively received doses of 300 mg / kg and 500 mg / kg of single-dose PC in one day, respectively. Control batch 1 received distilled water in place of the extracts. At the same time, they were placed in cages with urine sampling, for the measurement of diuresis. The extraction yield by the hydroethanolic solvent was 16.75%. Extracts at a dose of 300 mg / kg of PC induced hyperkalaemia, with no effect on serum sodium and chloraemia within two hours of administration of the extracts. The diuresis is so insignificant that we can understand that hyperkalaemia, induced bradycardia arising from hyperpolarization of the cells of the pace maker. Its hypotensive property is therefore confirmed.

Keywords: Tridax procumbens, Ionic channels, Hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, Hyperchloremia, Diuresis, Hyperpolarization.

ABSTRACT

The novel Pyrazoline derivatives were prepared  by cyclisation of substituted chalcone derivatives in the presence of 2, 4 dintro phenyl hydrazine hydrate. Structural elucidation of all synthesized  derivatives were done by spectral analysis ( IR , NMR and Mass spectroscopy). All synthesized derivatives  screened for their anticancer activities by MTT assay and  these prepared derivatives exhibits promising anticancer activities.

Keywords:  Chalcones , 2,4 dinitro phenyl hydrazine hydrate , spectral analysis , anticancer activity , MTT assay.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to extract Eucalyptus oil and Coleus aromaticus oil, and to formulate the lozenge tablets in order to investigate a profitable dosage form. Lozenge tablets were prepared using Roller compression method. The tablets also were evaluated for the physicochemical properties such as hardness, friability, weigh uniformity, thickness and disintegration time. The formulated product showed inhibitory activity against non resistant C.albicans infections thus providing a very good release matrix for the eucalyptus and coleus aromaticus combined extract. The results clearly indicate that the prepared lozenge tablets can be a good alternative for traditional forms.

Keywords: Eucalyptus oil, Coleus aromaticus. lozenge, roller compression, oropharyngeal, inflammation.

ABSTRACT

In the present work an attempt has been made to increase therapeutic efficacy, reduce frequency of administration and improve patient compliance by formulating sustained release matrix tablets of tolterodine tartrate a bladder-selective anti muscarinic agent with proven efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). Sustained release matrix tablets of tolterodine tartrate were prepared by direct compression method using two different polymers such as HPMC K4M and Xanthan gum as rate controlling polymer in different drug:polymer ratios such as 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 with other tablet excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose as diluent, talc, magnesium stearate as glidant and lubricant, PVP K30 as binder, lactose as taste enhancer. The formulations were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters such as hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content uniformity, in vitro drug release profiles, short term stability studies and drug excipient interactions. Results revealed that among the 10 formulations the STH₃ is considered as promising formulation, displayed almost first order release kinetics, releasing more than 75% drug release in 8.15 hours and remained sustained for more than 12 hours. Short term stability studies of promising formulation STH₃ indicates that there are no significant changes in dissolution parameter values after 3 weeks storage at 45±1ËšC/75±5% RH.

Keywords: Sustained release matrix tablet, Tolterodine tartrate, HPMC K4M, Xanthan gum.

ABSTRACT

[NSAIDs] “non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs” always enter in the management  of chronic diseases associated with inflammation, but it have many unwanted side effects, one of them is stomach irritation and ulceration. The Co-drug approach is a strategy used to solve this problem. The mutual Pro-drug composed of two therapeutically active materials coupled to each other via covalent bond.  Because of the infection always lead to inflammation. So [NSAID] could be coupled with sulfa drugs together as single drug via amide linkage. Here the carrier molecules “sulfonamides” could be helpful to counteract  part of side effects of prime drug especially (GI) ulceration.  By this work I wish to explain the procedure that I used in coupling of Etodolac and Tolmetin with different sulfa drugs to create amide containing products. Therefor  the synthesized products could be useful in the management of infection and inflammations.

Key words: Mutual prodrug, Etodolac, Tolmetin [NSAID], Drugs [Sulfa Drug].

ABSTRACT

Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune intraepithelial disease that forms flaccid blisters and erosions of skin and mucous membranes. Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare disease resulting from an autoimmune process in which IgG serum antibodies are produced against normal desmosomal adhesion molecules (desmoglein 3 and to lesser extent desmoglein 1) on the cell membrane of keratinocytes causing loss of cell adhesion, with separation of epithelial layers (acantholysis) and also appearance of blisters on skin or mucosa. Patients have ill-defined, irregularly shaped, gingival, buccal, or palatine erosions, which are painful and slow to heal. Pemphigus vulgaris shows have an approximately equal prevalence among men and women. PV Causes genetics like HLA DR4 and HLA DR14. The mucous membranes often affected are those of oral cavity other surfaces involved including conjunctiva, oesophagus labia, vagina, cervix, vulva, penis, urethra, nasal mucosa, and anus. The diagnosis is based on set of criteria: clinical features, histology and immunological tests. Laboratory examinations include: Tzanck smear to detect acantolytic cells, direct and indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA test and when diagnosis remain uncertain, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting techniques are helpful. The main objective of therapeutic management is to control the disease, heal the bullous skin and mucous lesions and to minimize the associated functional impairment. The standard treatment for pemphigus vulgaris is use of systemic corticosteroids. Azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil are used in case of nonsteroidal treatment. In case of recalcitrant pemphigus, Rituximab is extremely effective when other treatments fail to control the disease. The present review emphasized the etiopathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment strategies for Pemphigus vulgaris and challenges in the management of this uncommon disease.

Key words: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), Acantholysis, keratinocytes, Oral lesions, Nikolsky sign, prednisolone, immunosuppressive agent,

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to prolong the gastric residence time of  metformin hydrochloride  by designing its floating tablets and to study the influence of natural polymers like okra gum and fenugreek  gum on its release rate. Sodium bicarbonate was added as a gas generating agent that releases carbon dioxide in the gastric acidic environment which helped in maintain the buoyancy. Metformin hydrochloride  is a biguanide glucose-lowering agent that has been widely used in the management of NIDDM, whose hyperglycemia cannot be satisfactorily managed on diet alone. Metformin hydrochloride is incompletely absorbed from GI tract, with an absorption window confined to the upper part of GI tract. It also has a half life of about 2 hours and its absolute bioavailability is reported to be about 50-60% of the administered oral dose. An obstacle to the more successful use of metformin hydrochloride therapy is the high incidence of GI symptoms seen in about 30% patients, especially during initial weeks of treatment. Patient compliance decreases with frequent dosing regimen and side effects associated with the same. In order to optimize therapy research efforts have been focused on the development of oral sustained release (SR) preparations using natural polymers as well as controlled release gastroretentive dosage forms. The present study outlines a systematic approach for the development of hydrodynamically balanced tablet of metformin hydrochloride using natural polymers with a view to enhance its oral bioavailability and efficacy. Development of floating matrix tablets of metformin hydrochloride using natural polymers (okra and fenugreek).Comparative studies of both available marketed formulations and HPMC polymer.

Keywords: Metformin hydrochloride, Okra, Fenugreek, floating matrix tablet

ABSTRACT

Swine flu is an acute respiratory disease of pigs caused by tiny spheroid virus that is H1N1 virus that belongs to the influenza A virus group. This virus spread the infection in to the people through sneezing, coughing, splitting, inhaling infected droplets. Oseltamivir is now drug of choice for the swine flu, but it has several side effects. The primary infection of H. influenza to the host stimulates the host immune system. Immunostimulant property of herbal drugs proved to stimulate T cell and macrophages that can be used as adjuvant therapy for Swine flu treatment to stimulate the low host immune system. This review is an attempt to discuss the role of immune-stimulant as adjuvant therapy for H1N1.

Keywords: Swine flu, influenza A virus, Immunostimulant.

ABSTRACT

The aim of present study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of polyherbal formulation of leaves of H. aciatica, C. gigantean & A. aspera were collected and authenticated. Extractions of dried leaves and rhizome were carried out with ethanol in soxhlet apparatus. The polyherbal formulation showed the significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the standard drug Diclofenac sodium against carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The polyherbal formulation reduced the inflammation induced by carrageenan by 49.3% and 61.73% on oral administration at 100 mg/ kg and 200 mg/kg respectively as compared to the control treated group.

Keywords: Edema, Polyherbal, Carrageenan.

ABSTRACT

Zafirlukast, Cyclopentyl (3-(2-methoxy-4-((o-tolylsulfonyl) carbamoyl) benzyl)-1-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl) carbamate (I). A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) reversed-phase rapid resolution method has been developed and validated for estimation of zafirlukast in a pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredient, which was chromatographed on reversed-phase Hypersil Gold C₁₈ , 2.1 x 100 mm , 1.9 µ column using mixtures of acetonitrile/water and the eluents were monitored at different wavelengths. The method was validated statistically for its linearity, accuracy, robustness and precision. The method employed same chromatographic condition as above and validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and solution stability. Present work also describes the development and validation of RP- RRLC method for the determination of impurities of zafirlukast.

Keywords: Zafirlukast, Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, Validation, Precision, Related substances (Impurities)