To establish a comparative account within the taxa by assessing its anti-oxidative property and mapping it with the morphometric characters. The methanolic leaf extracts of 12 Cassia L. species were screened for their antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and reducing power capability with reference to standard Ascorbic acid. Chamaecrista kleinii exhibited strong antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ 2.17 µg mL^-1, followed with Senna auriculata (IC₅₀ 11.51 µg mL^-1) and Senna polyphylla (15.17 µg mL^-1). Highest reducing ability was observed in Senna auriculata extract with 0.676 nm absorbance. The correlation observed between the reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging assay supports the contribution of the phytoconstitutents like phenolics and flavonoids towards managing oxidative stress. The present study reveals the beneficiary effects of the selected plants by virtue of their antioxidant activity that can be harnessed in drug formulations.

Keywords: Antioxidant, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl, reducing power, Cassia.

ABSTRACT

Management of worn dentition using fixed or removable prostheses is complex and among the most difficult cases to restore. Evaluation of vertical dimension is important for the management, and comprehensive treatment plan is required for all cases. Articulated casts and diagnostic wax-up provide a important information which and helpful for the evaluation of treatment options. Minimal changes to vertical dimension of occlusion is usually confirmed with the clinical evaluation of the patient using diagnostic splint or provisional prosthesis. Nevertheless, occlusal wear of prosthetic teeth is a normal process during the lifetime of a denture.  In this line, vertical dimension(VD) assessment should be conservative and with careful approach and it should not be changed. Particularly, increasing the VD for bruxism patients puts a severe overload on the teeth and it often results in the destruction of the restorations.

Keywords: vertical dimension, Bruxism patients

Dentures (also known as artificial teeth) are the prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth, and are supported by the surrounding hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Conventional dentures are removable (removable partial denture or complete denture). However, there are many denture designs, some which rely on bonding or clasping onto teeth or dental implants (fixed prosthodontics). Dentures can help people through: Mastication or chewing ability is improved by replacing edentulous areas with denture teeth. Aesthetics, because the presence of teeth gives a natural appearance to the face, and wearing a denture to replace missing teeth provides support for the lips and cheeks and corrects the collapsed appearance that results from the loss of teeth. There are different types of complete dentures like: traditional/conventional complete full dentures, partial dentures, custom dentures, immediate dentures, implant supported dentures, snap-in dentures, overdentures, upper dentures.

Keywords: Dentures, Aesthetics

GIST is a visceral sarcoma that arises from the gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features and radiologic differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours are discussed. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours is a rare gastrointestinal tumour. Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging modality of choice for diagnosing GIST. The aim of this Retrospective study is to evaluate CT feature of GIST in20 cases. In this study 20 biopsy proven cases of GIST were evaluated retrospectively in our department from November 2010 to July 2012. The CT scan was performed prior to the treatment in all these patients. CT imaging feature includes, tumour location, size/diameter, degree & pattern of enhancement, intraluminal/exophytic, internal necrosis & haemorrhage, perilesional rat stranding, local spread, nodal & distant metastasis. Out of 20 patients, in 13/20 (65 %) cases tumour was found in stomach, 4/20 (20%) in small bowel (jejunum & ileum), 2/20 (10%) in omentum and mesentery; and 1 (5%) case tumour was found in transverse colon. 14/20 (70%) had exophytic tumour with communicating to lumen of gastrointestinal tract or in omentum and mesentery; rest 6/20 (30%) had polypoidal mass. Size of tumour ranges from 4 to 15 cm, with mean of 7.9 cm.15/20 (75%) cases shows heterogeneous enhancement with necrosis and/or calcification, rest 5/20 (25%) had homogenous enhancement. The CT HU ranges from 35 to 55, with mean of 40, 14/20 (75 %) cases had well defined margins of tumour, and rest 6 (30%) cases showed perilesional fat stranding and loss of fat plane with adjacent organ.2/20 (10%) cases showed regional nodal involvement and 3/20 (15%) cases shows distant metastasis to liver(2) & lungs (1).

Keywords: Gastrointestinal stromal tumour, GIST, Computed tomography, sarcoma.

Bundelkhand is located Central part of India with an unique type of climatic condition having stony sandy and rocky soil deficient in water. Gradual climatic change due to acute pressure on land for various developmental activities are regularly increasing the degradation of  biodiversity which is affecting the potential of medicinal plants and invite  needs for the conservation of biodiversity of medicinal plants in the region. During the course of various studies authors have identified the medicinal plants of high value, used in top medical prescriptions and traditional medical practices viz. Acacia catechu (Khadira), Asparagus racemosus (Shatawari), Boswellia serrata (Shalaki), Desmodium gangeticum(Shalaparni), Gymnema sylvestre.(Retz.) R. Br. ex Sm.( Gudmaar), Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.(Anantmoola),Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Pluchia lanceolata(Rasana),Tribulus terrestris (Gokshuru), Uraria picta (Prishniparni), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Writia tinctoriaetc. Efforts are needed in acclimatizing the medicinal plants in the garden land, nurseries, development of strategy of protection of natural habitat of the medicinal plants of region, developing ago-technical protocols for cultivation of medicinal plants suitable for farmers to enrich their economy as well as biodiversity under Government control is need of the day ensuring effective conservation of these valuable medicinal resources of the country. Cultivation of Cymbopogon flexuosus (Pootika),Saccharum munja (Munja), and Chrysopogon zizanioides (Ushir) is also the need of time for enriching the biodiversity through conserving the medicinal plants.

Keywords: Bundelkhand, Agro-geoclimatic conditions, Conservation, Pharmaceuticals, Secondary metabolites.

A Pulsatile drug delivery system delivers drug in rapid and burst manner within a short time after a lag time. There are many situations where drug is needed to be released immediately (after bursting the delaying film coat) at specific site. The aim of present work is to develop Pulsatile drug delivery of Tiotropium Bromide using press coating method. All the formulations have shown satisfactory results for various physicochemical parameters like hardness, friability, thickness, weight variation. Ethyl cellulose has predominant effect on the lag time, while also shows significant effect on drug release.  Press coated tablet shows a delayed release pattern. Among all the core tablet formulations T7 was selected based on drug release within a given period of time.  In-vitro release rate studies showed that the P3T7 was optimized based on less amount of drug release during lag time. Formulations P3T7 found to be stable at 45^o C and 75% RH for a period of 6 months. FT-IR studies revealed that there was no interaction between Tiotropium bromide and the polymers.

Keywords: Pulsatile drug delivery, circadian rhythms, Tiotropium Bromide, Lag time, Press coated tablets.

Rheumatic heart disease is chronic condition resulting from rheumatic fever which involves all the layers of the heart and is characterized by scarring and deformity of the heart valves. Around 60% of the acute rheumatic fever further develops in to rheumatic heart disease. Sore throat with fever, carditis, Erythema marginatum, polyarthritis are the main manifestations. Aggressive treatment with antibiotics and use of analgesics can cure the disease up to certain extent. Awareness of clinicians regarding diagnosis and accurate treatment can reduce the cardiac burden.

Keywords: Rheumatic heart disease, Erythema

Ion exchange resins are cross-linked water insoluble polymer-carrying, ionisable functional groups. IER have received considerable attention from pharmaceutical scientists because of their versatile properties as drug delivery vehicles. Research over the last few years has revealed that IER are equally suitable for drug delivery technologies, including controlled release, transdermal, nasal, topical and taste masking. The major drawback of sustained release of extended release or extended release is dose dumping, resulting in increased risk of toxicity. The use of IER has occupied an important place in the development of controlled- or sustained-release systems because of their better drug-retaining properties and prevention of dose dumping. Synthetic ion exchange resins have been used in pharmacy and medicine for taste masking or controlled release of drug. Drug resin complexation converts drug to amorphous form leading to improved drug dissolution. Several studies have reported the use of IER for drug delivery at the desired site of action.

Keywords: Ion exchange resins, taste masking, resin drug complex, controlled release

The present review deals with medicinal plants having anthelminitic activity widely distributed worldwide. Medicinal plants or medicinal herbs are essence of traditional practice. Anthelmisintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host. Several preventive and corrective methods for modern medicine are available, however, it is not safe due to serious side effects .In order to overcome these side effects, there is a need of natural anthelminitic  agents with minimal side effects. In ancient and modern pharmacology period, several number of medicinal plants having anti-anthelmintic efficacy. This review article gives the list of medicinal plants having anthelminitic activity.

Keywords: Anthelmisintic, Helminthiasis, Antiparasitic Drugs, Medicinal Plants

The present work deals with the development of reliable method for the estimation of pioglitazone hydrochloride by using UV spectroscopy. The pioglitazone hydrochloride showed absorption maxima at wavelength 268nm respectively. The linearity range for pioglitazone hydrochloride was in the range of 10-50μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.999. The precision was carried out for pioglitazone hydrochloride and value was found to be less than 2. The proposed method’s results were found satisfactory and are suitable for determination of pioglitazone hydrochloride for routine quality control of drug in bulk and formulation. This method is validated according to ICH guidelines Q2R1.

Keywords: Pioglitazone hydrochloride, ICH guidelines, validation, method development.

Our aim in the present study was to evaluate the anti-obesity activity of Centella asiatica in high fat diet (HFD), Triton-X and Progesterone induced obese rats and mice. Ethanolic extract od centella asiativa was prepared And the extract is tested with different doses(100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg) and the efficiency of EECA is comparable to that of orlistat (20mg/kg b.wt), a standard anti-obesity drug. Although food consumption was moderately increased in HFD-fed rats, EECA administration significantly reduced weight gain in them. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) levels were significantly (P< 0.05) lowered, while high density lipoproteins (HDL) increased in EECA administered with different (HFD, Triton-X, Progesterone) Based on our results we demonstrate that EECA has potential anti-obesity activity.

Keywords: Centella asiatica, HFD(high fat diet), progesterone, lipid levels.

Indian borage leaves (Coleus amboinicus) at dose of 620mg/KgBB and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) at dose of 300mg/KgBB effectively decrease glucose contain in blood with work mechanism by reducing oxidative stress in body. Flavonoid contain in these plants was thought to play role as anti-diabetes. Because of the efficacy similarity of these plants, so the combination of Indian borage and tamarind extract was made in liquid herbal dosage form. The liquid herbal in this research were intended to oral use, so they can be given additional flavoring, sweetener, or water- soluble dyes to improve dosage quality. Liquid herbal dosage were made in 4 formulas based on different types of sweeteners, the test result showed that liquid herbal with palm sugar sweetener was the most preferred by panellists. Selected formulas from the test of preference was tested for quality testing include : stabilization test at three different temperatures over a period of 8 weeks with parameters pH measuring, viscosity, specific gravity, organoleptic, determination of flavonoid content and testing of microbial contamination. Stability test result showed a change in the quality and decrease in flavonoid levels in liquid herbals dosage every week. Based on data on the decrease in flavonoid contain in stability test, the prediction of the shelf  life of liquid herbals dosage was obtained for 8 week at room temperature.

Keywords: Liquid herbal, Indian borage leaves, Tamarind, Antidiabetes, Stability test

Abuse and misuse of prescription opioids is a significant public health concern. The  strategies used to confer abuse-deterrent properties on opioid abuse deterrent formulations (ADFs). The objective of this study was to develop techniques for an abuse deterrent (AD) platform utilizing the Granurex process. For the preparation of abuse deterrent extended release formulation core material was layered with dry active pharmaceutical ingredient with the help of Granurex technology and after the drug layering suitable polymeric coat was applied to make formulation crushed resistance and resistance to dose dumping. Formulation optimization was accomplished by utilizing full factorial design of experiments to determine the effect of the three formulation factors: Ethyl cellulose 45 cps, white wax and carbopol 974P NF; each of which was studied at three levels on crushed resistance (CR) attributes of the produced extended release pellets. Suitable formulation ingredients were employed as carrier matrices and processing aids. All of the formulations were evaluated for the crushed resistance and dose dumping  attributes, such as crushing strength, extraction studies of drug in different levels of solvents and particle size . All of the design of experiments formulations demonstrated sufficient hardness and elasticity, and could not be reduced into fine particles , which is a desirable feature to prevent snorting. In addition, all of the formulations exhibited good gelling tendency in water with minimal extraction of drug in the aqueous medium. Moreover, Carbopol 974P NF, in combination with white wax, could be utilized to produce pellets with crushed resistance potential. Granurex has been demonstrated to be a viable technique with a potential of develop novel AD formulations.

Keywords: Abuse deterrent formulations, Crushed resistance

Skin cancer remains the second most common cancer causing death in majority of the population worldwide.” Chemotherapeutical treatment generally includes treatment by administration of chemotherapeutical formulations mostly by intravenous route of administration which is painful, toxic, time consuming and costly for the patients. Chemotherapy also causes toxicity and cell death to other normal cells in the body apart from cancerous cells. The aim of the present investigation was to formulate a topical nano-particulate drug delivery system which causes lower exposure to normal body cells by higher efficacy of targeting the cancerous cells, producing lower toxicity rates and avoiding maximum possible side effects.” “Henceforth, an anti-neoplastic agent has been used in order to prepare Nano-structured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) which was further loaded into gel formulation for topical application. “The nano-structured lipid carrier (NLCs) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were prepared by using Compritol ATO 888 by double emulsification method.” The lipids were selected based on the solubility studies and partition coefficient of 5-FU in lipids. The particle size of optimized formulation was found to be 246.2nm. The in vitro release studies of developed NLCs was carriers carried out at pH 7.4. Sodium carboxy methylcellulose, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose , and chitosan hydrogels loaded with NLCs were developed. The permeability behavior through dialysis membrane was performed for 24 hrs and Q 24 of optimized gel formulation was found to be 435.974µg/cm².The steady-state flux (Jss) was found to be 0.062102 mg/cm² , and permeability coefficient (Kp) was found to be 4.14013 cm/hr for optimized NLCs based gel  formulation  for ex-vivo skin permeability studies.

Keywords: Nano-structured lipid carrier (NLCs), Steady-state flux, Permeability coefficient

The word ‘Beverage’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘bever’ meaning rest from work. At the most basic level, beverage are the portable drinks other than water that humans can consume to satisfy energy, thirst or hydration. Beverages are not usually consumed for their food value, but many, particularly the fruit drinks, contain quite a high percentage of sugar, vitamins and minerals, and, therefore, add to the energy content of the diet. They may be in the form of freshly squeezed juices to chemical-packed energy drinks. For hundreds of thousands of years, the idea of a beverage was restricted to water, milk or any fruit juice but with passage of time, there came alcohol, wine, various teas, coffees, cocktails, ciders and sodas, A wide range of plant materials are used to manufacture beverages. Broadly, there are two types of beverages alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverage”. Former is used as a generic term for beverages that contain more than 2.50% alcohol by volume, nevertheless such that the minimum age provision in applies to beverages containing between 0.70 and 2.50 per cent alcohol by volume. These include leaves, stems, sap, fruits, tubers, and seeds (grains). China and India are the fastest growing markets for non-alcoholic beverages.

Keywords: Beverage, energy drinks, alcoholic, non-alcoholic beverages

Staurosporine is a naturally occurring alkaloid isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces staurosporesa. It inhibits the protein kinases class of enzymes (including protein kinase C) inducing apoptosis and thus resulting in it having potential anti-tumour activity. Recent studies showed that staurosporine had high affinity for the protein kinase C receptor, however lacked selectivity resulting in a wide adverse effect profile. Thus, this study targets the protein kinase C receptor for the development of novel structures capable of its inhibition using staurosporine as template molecule. This study has yielded two molecular cohorts, one from each approach. These were filtered for Lipinski Rule compliance and segregated into families of pharmacophoric similarity and ranked in order of affinity. The molecules with the best ligand binding affinities were generated using the de novo approach. The best molecule from the de novo approach had an affinity of 10, while the best molecule from the virtual screening approach had an affinity of 9.65. This study was valuable in demonstrating that the staurosporine scaffold was suitable for the identification and design of high affinity structures capable of modulating the protein kinase C receptor through two distinct approaches- de novo design and virtual screening. The affinities of the optimal molecules exceeded that of stautosporine, and these molecules will be proposed for further study. Specifically, their enhanced molecular interactions will be explained from an atomic perspective, and also through molecular dynamic simulation studies.

ABSTRACT

The objective of work was to prepare and characterize Levetiracetam matrix tablet using Polyethylene oxides (PEO 301, PEO coagulant and PEO 303) by wet granulation technique using variable concentrations of PEO 301, PEO coagulant and PEO 303. Total 12 formulations were prepared and optimized formulation were evaluated by Differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and The results obtained showed that the formulations of Levetiracetam prepared with combination PEO 303 (T10) has controlled release over 12 hrs.

Keywords: Levetiracetam, matrix tablet, Polyethylene oxides, PEO coagulant