ABSTRACT

Rubiacordifolia, belongs to family Rubiaceae, commonly known as Indian Madder and Manjistha in Sanskrit. It is perennial, herbaceous prickly climber with long and cylindrical root with a thin red bark. Various parts of Rubiacordifoliahave been suggested in the Indian system of medicine for a number of diseases. The roots and stems are well known source of Anthraquinones. The roots have also been reported to possess antioxidant, anti inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective activities. This plant has been pharmacologically screened for anti-acne, anti-convulsant, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti arthritic, anti-plateletand wound healing activities. This review will be helpful in the development of polyherbal formulation as well as for conducting further research to explore the therapeutic potential of Rubiacordifolia.

Keywords: Manjistha, Rubiacordifolia, Diseases, Antihyperlipidemic.

ABSTRACT

Dyspepsia is a common disease and it is common in the community.  The  aim of this review is to know the information regarding dyspepsia, and to assess the frequency of various causes of dyspepsia. Dyspepsia is the commonest gastrointestinal problem affecting at least 25% of the population during a year. Its prevalence varies in different countries, depending upon the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, obesity, drug - alcohol - tobacco intake and spices in diet. Dyspepsia is common in different surveys in western societies have recorded prevalence between 23 and 41%. For many people dyspeptic symptoms are an unavoidable part of living. A minority of those sufferers who do consult can become major consumers of resource. About 4% of general practice consultations are for dyspepsia and 2% of the entire adult population receive either an endoscopy or barium meal each year. Time lost from work and interference with quality of  life are more difficult to measure but are likely to be considerable.

Keywords: Dyspepsia, Helicobacter pylori, endoscopy, peptic ulcer

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of starch as bio-based thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). Starch based polymers have been recognized to have highly potential to replace existing source of conventional elastomeric polymers. The modification process of blending starch with natural rubber, plasticizers, additives, and filler contribute to the enhancement and improvement for the properties of starch in order to produce biopolymers by approaching the properties of TPEs. This research was based on the starch which is an abundant and naturally occurring polysaccharide. It used to prepare and evaluate edible biodegradable films of different starch sources namely potato starch, corn starch and oxidized corn starch. Biopolymers have been considered as the most promising materials for this purpose. Polymers that have recently attracted interest due to their highly modifiable material properties. Natural rubber obtained almost exclusively from the Para tree (Heveabrasilliensis) is a unique polymer in many significant applications. The use of plasticizers to process starch as thermoplastic polymer and the formulation of starch with other polymers are highlighted. Here we discuss the main results and developments innatural plasticizer/synthetic and biopolymer-based films.

Keywords: Starch; Natural Rubber; Biopolymer

ABSTRACT

Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1-4)-linked D-Glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl D-Glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is made by treating shrimp and other crustacean shells with the alkali, sodium hydroxide. Chitosan has some therapeutic activities like lowering cholesterol, antiulcer, and wound healing and antimicrobial activity. Recently electrospinnanofibers based on chitosan have been widely researched. Chitosan have many physicochemical properties like colorless, white hard, inelastic, nitrogenous polysaccharide. It chelate with many transitional metal ion .The degree of substitution of hydroxyl and amino group also influence the mechanical and biological properties of chitosan samples. In recent year a lots of biological, medical and commercial applicability are being used. The amino group in chitosan has a pKavalue of ~6.5, leads to a protonation in acidic to neutral solution with a charge density dependent on pH. This makes chitosan water-soluble. Though the drug delivery by chitosan is not approved by FDA, purified form are available for biomedical application. This review gives clear information about introduction properties processing and applications of chitosan.

Keywords: Chitosan, Electrospin, Amino Group, Purified Form, Chelate, Protonation.

ABSTRACT

Release of drugs via the skin has been always a challenging part for research due to obstacle properties shown by the outermost layer of skin stratum corneum. In the previous two decades, the transdermal drug delivery system has turn into a established technology that offers important clinical repayment over additional dosage forms. Because transdermal drug delivery offers controlled as well as programmed rate of release of the drug into the patient, it is capable to maintain steady state blood concentration. It’s a advantageous form of drug delivery because of the apparent advantages e.g. suitable and pain-free self-administration for patients, prevention of hepatic first-pass metabolism and the GI tract for poorly bioavailable drugs than other routes of deliverance.Thepresent article reviews the choice of drug candidates and polymers, advantages, disadvantages of formulation, design and the methods of evaluation, augmentation techniques based on drug/vehicle optimization such as selection of drug, prodrugs and ion pairs, supersaturated drug solutions, vesicles, liposomes, particles and complexations. This review also emphases on the recent innovations in TDDS, which be able to used for the research and improvement of pharmaceutical dosage form intended for transdermal drug delivery.

Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery system, first pass metabolism, site specific, Iontophoresis.

ABSTRACT

The safety of human exposure to an ever- increasing number and diversity of electromagnetic field EMF sources both at work and at home has become a public health issue. Deficient sperm production may be affected by factors such as radiation and other environmental toxins. Raised body temperature for any reason, and raising scrotal temperature by sitting in sofa or in hot water for a long period of time, can reduce sperm production. Healthy young men who watched more than 20 hours of TV each week had a 44 per cent lower sperm count than those who watched almost no TV. Radiations and excessive heat to the genitalia have damaging effect on the testicles. Hence individuals having direct contact with or exposure to such chemicals have high chances of having primary or secondary infertility. . Intense exercise didn't raise sperm count if accompanied by lots of hours in front of the TV.

Keywords:  Infertility, sperm count, EMF, motility, display.

ABSTRACT

Ebola is the life threatening viral infection which was first time occurred in 1976 in the remote villages of central & west Africa. Ebolainfections occurred due to some native animals like fruit bats of family, “pteridopodidae” after that it come back by modifying itself with a new terrible face in 2014. As it is native host is animal, it is transmitted by direct contact with bodily fluids of infected animal or human beings. EVD (Ebola Virus Disease) shows very dangerous symptoms like bleeding from open orifices, kidney & liver damage, joint muscle pain and decreased level of WBCs. Because of bleeding it also called as Ebola Hemorrhagic Virus. As there is no any effective curative measures at present the individual should follow preventive measures to stay away from it. Infected patient can be treated by enhancing their immune system. Allopathic, Ayurvedic & Homeopathy systems of medicines are trying at their best to find out the medicine to combat the EVD. The object of this article is to throw a focus on this deadliest disease and to inspire our medicinal systems for developing an appropriate medicine & vaccine.

Keywords: EVD, Epidemic, Viral infection, Endemic, Pathogen.

ABSTRACT

Biomarkers provide a dynamic and powerful approach to understand the spectrum of various diseases with applications in observational and analytic epidemiology, randomised clinical trials, screening and diagnosis and prognosis. In the recent years knowledge about biomarkers has increased tremendously providing great opportunities for improving the management of patients by enhancing the efficacy of detection and efficacy of treatment. This review provides a brief account on various biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic purposes, which include markers already in clinical practice as well as various upcoming biomarkers.

Keywords:Biomarkers, efficacy, therapeutic outcome, clinical parameters, epidemiology.

ABSTRACT

The limited fossil fuel and nonbiodegradability of conventional petrochemical based plastics prompted scientist for search of environmental friendly alternatives. Bioplastic produced from renewable sources appeared as a better alternative. The bioplastics available in the market are made from polymers such as starch-based, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid (PLA) etc. But attributed by its numerous advantages including those of completely biodegradable, PHAs are considered to be the most desired one. Cyanobacteria are highly promising microorganism for PHA production. This review highlights the basic biology of cyanobacterial PHA production, strains involved, recombinant PHA production and its future prospects. While integrating the existing knowledge and technology, future improvement and progress are to be done before commercial exploitation of cyanobacterial PHA production.

Keywords: Biodegradable plastics; Cyanobacteria; Petroleum based plastics; PHA synthases; Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA); Polyhydroxybutyrate.

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular diseases(CVD) account for nearly one third of all deaths world wide. Consequently the prevention of risk factors for CVD is public health priority in recent times. The available rehabilitation and preventive measures include lifestyle  modification, treatment with drug and intervention procedures. The appropriate application of risk assessment should result in a better quality of life for people with cardiovascular diseases and improve cost effectiveness of healthcare. The success of these measures depends laregely on the skills of patients in the daily management of their condition. The present study reveals that risk assessment can answer many questions in best therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, Risk assessment, Therapeutic outcome, Quality of life, Cost effectiveness

ABSTRACT

Probiotics means ‘let good microbes work for you in different fields get their benefits and take a rest’. The human gut harbours a complex community of bacteria whose relationship with their host is normally mutually beneficial. Recent studies suggest a disturbance of this relationship in GI diseases and the potential to correct this by using probiotics. Many authors have described the history and the progress of probiotics and their different applications. In this review, we will focus mainly on three points, health improvement, infection control and disease management, which could be eliminated by the use of different types of direct uses of probiotics.

Keywords: Probiotics, Diseasemanagement, Health, Infections, Microbes.

ABSTRACT

The present review highlights human vagina as a valuable route of drug delivery due to its large permeation area, rich vascularization, avoidance of first pass metabolism and relatively low enzymatic activity designed for achieving both local and systemic applications. Vagina is the best route used for administration of drugs like antifungal, contraceptives steroids, peptides and antifungal drugs. The rate and extent of drug absorption through vaginal route may fluctuate depending upon vaginal physiology, age of patients, stage of menstrual cycle, pathological conditions, and formulation factors. This route offers the ease of convenience, good blood supply, absence of GIT and hepatic first pass metabolism and permeability to large molecular weight drugs. Several drawbacks like personal hygiene, gender specificity, cultural sensitivity and local irritation need to be considered while the designing the vaginal formulation. Thus, purpose of this study is to provide the summary of advances undergone in the field of vaginal drug delivery currently available in the market and challenges associated with systemic delivery of drug via vaginal route. This review also highlights the benefits of vaginal route as drug delivery.

Keywords: Vaginal delivery, Vaginal physiology, Antifungal, Contraceptives, Penetration enhancers, Bioadhesion.

ABSTRACT

Oral drug delivery systems most preferred option of administration for various drugs. Sustained release drug delivery system is the novel drug delivery system. The terms Sustained release, prolonged release, modified release, extended release or depot formulation are used to identified drug delivery systems that are designed to achieve or extend therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. Sustained release dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate by maintaining a constant drug level for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. The basic rationale of sustained release drug delivery system optimizes the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug in such a way that it’s utility is maximized, side effects are reduced and cure of the disease condition is achieved. Sustained release drug delivery is improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, maximum utilization of the of the drug, improved therapy and shorter treatment period.

Keywords:  Sustained  release drug delivery system, Matrix tablet, Patient compliance, etc.

ABSTRACT

Phytochemical characterization of plants is an important task in medicinal botany and drug discovery. In the current study, Catharanthusroseus is considered as medicinal plants by evaluation of phytochemical composition. Methanolic extract of the leaves of C. roseus was prepared by soxhlet extraction. The extract was used to detect the presence of different phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenols, flavonoides, tannin, lignin, steroids, glycosides, saponins, terpenoides and anthraquinone by their biochemical tests. Alkaloids, tannin, steroids, glycosides were found to be present in methanolic extract of C.  roseus.

Keywords: Catharanthusroseus, phytochemicals, alkaloids, tannin, steroids, glycosides

ABSTRACT

The article aims at developing simple, fast and effective dissolution method for Dabigatran etexilate mesylate capsules by RP-HPLC and validate as per ICH guidelines. The optimized RP-HPLC method for dissolution studies uses a reverse phase column, Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 X 4.6 mm;5μ), a mobile phase of triethylammonium phosphate buffer (pH 3.0):acetonitrile in the proportion of 40:60 v/v, diluent as 0.01N HCl, flow rate of 1.0ml/min, injection volume as 20µl. and a detection wavelength of 341nm using a UV detector. The optimized dissolution conditions include, 0.01N HCl as dissolution media, apparatus as USP Type 1 Basket, rpm as 100, dissolution media temperature as 37±0.5ºC, dissolution volume as 500ml, dissolution time point as 30mts, working concentration of standard and sample as 5µg/ml and a detection wavelength of 341 nm. The developed method resulted in Dabigatran etexilate exhibiting linearity in the range 1.25-10μg/ml. System precision and intra-day precision is exemplified by relative standard deviation of 1.59% and 2.21% respectively. Method was found to be rugged/inter day precise as %RSD was found to be 3.25. Percentage Mean recovery was found to be greater than 80% at all the three levels by absolute method during accuracy studies. LOD and LOQ for Dabigatran etexilate were found to be 0.05ng/ml and 5ng/ml respectively. Hence it can be concluded that effective dissolution method by RP-HPLC is developed and validated as per ICH guidelines which can be applicable in various pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: Dabigatran etexilate, Dissolution, RP-HPLC, ICH guidelines, Validation

ABSTRACT

Preparation of new series of acridin-9-yl-bis-benzothiazol-2-yl-amines have been developed by intra-molecular cyclization of 1-acridin-9-yl-1-benzothiazol-2-yl-3-aryl thiourea with bromine in acetic acid and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by BACTEC radiometric method. Constitutions of compounds were confirmed by FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR spectral methods. Simple work-up procedure and excellent yield of the products are the merits of the route.

Keywords: MW organic reactions, benzothiazole, antituberculosis.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to isolate a new compound from the flowers of Tabebuia rosea. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated through their physical and chemical methods. The isolated compound was characterized using various spectroscopic data such as UV, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS.

Keywords: Tabebuia rosea, UV, NMR (¹H, ¹³C) and MS, Kaempferol 3-O-(2’’-α-methyl p-coumaryl)-β-d-glucoside

ABSTRACT

Co(II), Fe (III) and Cu (II) metal complexes of Schiff base derived from ethylenediamine, succinic acid and formaldehyde. The newly synthesized Schiff base complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, Melting point, conductivity, IR and UV-VIS spectral methods. The complexes have been tested for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. The anti- microbial activity was determined in Mueller Hinton media (M H Media).

Keywords: Schiff base complex synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity.

ABSTRACT

The Complexes of Co (II) and Ni (II) with amino acid cysteine were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and spectrafluorometric Studies. The FT-IR spectra shows some new band which confirms that the complex is formed. The spectrafluorometric study of amino acid metal complexes shows that excitation wave length decrease with decrease in the polarity of medium. The amino acid nickel (II) complex exhibits a strong fluorescence emission at 340 nm in water medium. This may be tentatively assigned to the ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT). In these complexes the amino acid coordinated to 1:2 with metal and they exhibits octahedral geometry. The catalytic activities of these complexes were studied in olefins using eco-friendly nontoxic molecular oxygen as oxidant.

Keywords:  Amino acid, Metal Complexes, Cysteine,Spectrafluorometric, Molecular Oxygen

ABSTRACT

Androgenesis inphanerogams is a very distinct process. This technique has been proven unique breakthrough to shorten the breeding period of the cultivars for the production and fixing of agronomic traits in the homozygous state in a single generation.Catharanthus roseus(L.) G. Don. (Periwinkle)being an important pharmaceutical plantwas selected for the investigation to study the effect of various pretreatment on callus induction in anther culture at constant concentrations of growth regulators i.e. 2, 4-D, NAA and BAP. Out of the five pretreatments chosen cold pretreatment at 8°C for 10 days was found to be the best66.33 ± 1.74%and least was observed in centrifugation at 2000rpm for 6 hours 28.00 ± 0.57%.While 2,4-D=7mgL^-1, NAA=0.5mgL^-1 and BAP=1.5mgL^-1 were found to be suitable for maximum calli production at all concentrations of 2,4-D.Plantlets regenerated by culturing embryo like structure are all reported to be haploid.

Keywords: Androgenesis, callus, cold, homozygous,2,4-D, pretreatment.

ABSTRACT

A novel complex of quadridentate ligand modified chitosan was synthesized by sequential attachment of Isatin (1H-indole-2, 3-Dione) copper chloride dehydrate to chitosan. Synthesized catalyst was characterized by different techniques like FTIR, ESI-MS, and Powder X-ray diffraction method. The biological activity was done using diffusion disc technique. It was found that the complex shows excellent activity towards fungi and bacteria. The catalytic activity of this catalyst was tested for the oxidation of 2-butanol by varying the temperature of system as well as concentration of substrate and catalyst. Values of activation energy have been evaluated from the kinetic data.

Keywords: Quadridentate ligand, Anti-Microbial activity, Catalyst, Oxidation, Activation energy

ABSTRACT

A novel antioxidant oxochromen derivative was isolated and characterized from Thespesia populnea stem bark (Linn.) with the evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity. The isolated compound was characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectral technique. The spectral data revealed the structure [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxochromen-6-yl)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxyl methyl) oxan-3-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate. Antioxidant activity of the isolated compound was evaluated by DPPH scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity and Ferric reducing /antioxidant power assay. Results show that isolated compound from the acetone extract fraction of T. populnea stem bark exhibit better antioxidant activity at lower concentration in all the methods and at higher concentrations they act as prooxidants. In conclusion the present results suggested that the isolated compound could be a potential antioxidant agent for preparing functional foods and nutraceuticals applied in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: Thespesia populnea, Antioxidant, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP

ABSTRACT

Primaquine phosphate, 8-[(4-amino-1-methyl butyl)amino]-6-metoxyquinoline phosphate, a synthetic compound with potent antimalarial activity and clinical use for treatment of relapses of Plasmodium vivax infections. The drug is usually oral administered for 7-14 consecutive days to achieve radical cure and is known to produce adverse side-effect including gastrointestinal distress, nausea and methaemoglobinemia with cyanosis.  In transdermal drug delivery system provide benefits over the oral administration. It is an alternative drug delivery system, in recent years, high patient acceptance in many clinical conditions and the advantages of delivering drugs across the skin for systemic circulation.  Fabrication and Evaluation of matrix type Transdermal Patches of Primaquine Phosphate with different ratio of eudragit-L100 and S-100 combination by the solvent evaporation technique. All the patches have been evaluated for their Physiochemical properties was studied by infrared Spectroscopy. Formulation F1 was found best among the all formulation. Hence F1 formulation was used to incorporate penetration enhancer labrafac™ PD, labrefil® 1944CS and lauroglucol™ FCC. By using this three penetration enhancer nine formulation L1 to L9 was fabricated to increasing volume of 0.5ml, 1.0ml, 1.5 ml. All the formulation was tested for thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, surface pH, moisture content and %drug content. L6 was showing maximum drug content and folding endurance. The in-vitro release study was carried out with Shimadzu HPLC system. L6 formulation showed the best release.

Keywords: Primaquine phosphate, Antimalarial, Gastrointestinal distress, Mthaemoglobinemia, Transdermal drug delivery system, penetration enhancer

ABSTRACT

A new stability indicating RP-HPLC method was described for the assay of olmesartan in market formulations. This developed RP-HPLC method was based on high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation of olmesartan with the use of a reversed phase HPLC column [Kromasil BDS, C18, 100 x 4.6 mm, 5μ] with mobile phase consisting of .01M KH2PO4 buffer (pH-4.5) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 55:45 %v/v at ambient temperature. The flow rate of the mobile phase was adjusted to 1.0mL/min and the injection volume was 10μL. Detection was performed by photodiode array detector at a wavelength of 257nm and the chromatographic runtime was 8 minutes for the analysis. The reliability and analytical performance of the proposed method, including linearity, range, precision, accuracy, detection and quantitation limits, were statistically validated. The proposed method can be adopted apparently for routine quality control analysis of raw materials, formulations and testing

Keywords:  Olmesartan, RP-HPLC, ICH guidelines.

ABSTRACT

Epilepsy is a common and non-communicable disorder of the brain affecting people of all ages. While epilepsy may cause complications in women during pregnancy, women can still enjoy healthy pregnancy with proper medical care. This study was aimed at identifying factors associated with enhancing pharmacotherapy care of pregnant women with epilepsy in Khartoum State, Sudan. This research was conducted using survey method to gather cross-sectional data from 30 pregnant women who are using prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), 30 doctors and 30 pharmacists. Structured Interview Schedule was used to collect data from study subjects. Sixty percent of sampled pharmacists contain AEDs prescribed by  physicians. In addition, only 23% of the women respondents were able to afford the prices of AEDs prescribed for them, and 63% of them purchased their prescribed AEDs from private pharmacies where prices are higher. Moreover, the difference in the level of effort by pregnant women to ensure compliance and safety in use of AEDs prescribed is not associated with differences in age, educational level  and source of income of the women respondents, as well as availability and affordability of AEDs to the women. No association was found between the compliance and safety among respondents and age group, educational level and sources of income of the women respondents as well as availability and affordability of AEDS. Moreover, there is need for more on-the-job training for pharmacists in order to develop their knowledge and skills to ensure patient compliance and safety.

Keywords: Antiepileptic Drugs; Availability; Affordability; Compliance; Safety

ABSTRACT

Ni (II) and Mn (II) metal complexes of Schiff base derived from ethylenediamine, succinic acid and formaldehyde. The newly synthesized Schiff base complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, Melting point, conductivity, IR and UV-VIS spectral methods. The complexes have been tested using for the catalytic oxidation of benzylacohol using ecofriendly molecular oxygen as catalyst. The results show that Nickel complex shows highest yield oxidation product as compared to Manganese at 35°C temperature, 90mg catalyst amount and 25 min. time.

Keywords: Schiff base complex synthesis, characterization, Catalytic activity.

ABSTRACT

Various strategies have been widely investigated to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. These strategies increase the clinical efficacy when the drug is administered orally. Around 40% of novel chemical entities show evidence of poor aqueous solubility and their bioavailability becomes low. Thus to overcome this problem new technologies are applied. This new technologies improve the solubility of those drugs whose water solubility is poor. This new technology is known as SEDDS. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), which are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents/surfactants, can be used for the design of formulations in order to improve the oral absorption of highly lipophilic drug compounds. It can be orally administered in soft or hard gelatin capsules. This formulation enhanced bioavailability due to increase the solubility of drug and minimizes the gastric irritation.

Keywords: Isotropic Mixture, SEDDS, Oils, Surfactants, Solvents, Co-solvents

ABSTRACT

In-situ gelling system is a process in which a solution form converted into the gel form after the formulation has been applied at the site. In-situ gel is helpful to produce sustained release of drug. Fluoxetine HCl is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The current study deals with the preparation, evaluation and optimization of In-situ gel of Fluoxetine HCl for intranasal delivery for the effective treatment of depression. The In-situ gel of Fluxetine HCl was prepared by cold-technique and evaluated for its physical appearance, viscosity, Gel forming temperature, Melting temperature, pH, Spreadability, Swelling index, Drug content and In-vitro release study. In-vitro drug release for optimized formulation was found to be 95.55% of F2 and pH, Drug content, Spreadability, Gelling temperature, Melting temperature were found to be 6.3, 97.6%, 8.0 gmcm/sec, 33⁰C, 79⁰C respectively. The study clearly demonstrated that the Fluoxetine HCl can be successfully delivered through nasal route by preparing in-situ gel. Gel is non-irritating when delivered through nasal route.

Keywords: Intransal delivery, Fluoxetine HCl, In-situ nasal gel

ABSTRACT

The present experimental study involves the preparation and characterization of  Orodispersible film of enalapril maleate. In this method HPMCK100 and propylene glycol are used to formulate orodispersible film and two disintegrating agent was used by using solvent casting method. Enalapril maleate is a antihypertensive drug which class of ACE inhibitor (Angiotensin converting enzyme). It is used in the treatment of hypertension congestive heart failure. It show low bioavailability due to high hepatic first pass metabolism so the soft palate drug delivery provide an excellent route to deliver the drug into systemic circulation and the present experimental work to formulate bioadhesive orodispersible of  enalapril maleate to improve the therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance and its bioavailability by avoiding the first pass metabolism. After proper preformulation studies various orodispersible film which were prepared subjected for several evaluation study like thickness, weight uniformity, surface pH, drug uniformity, folding endurance, In vitro disintegration time the drug is rapidly disintegrate within seconds. It means it show that best for the those patient who have difficult to swallowing the drug and .Invitro dissolution  study of prepared orodispersible film was carried out in phosphate buffer 7.4 as a medium and it was clearly observed that the F6 formulation  a best formulation because it rapidly drug release. All the formulation provide a well controlled drug release at a sustainable rate. From the experimental result it was clearly concluded that orodispersible film of enalapril maleate may use as an effective drug delivery with an enhance bioavailability.

Keywords: Orodispersible film, Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose(HPMCK100), Crosspovidone, Solvent casting , Emalapril maleate

ABSTRACT

A reverse phase HPLC method is developed for the determination of Esomeprazole and Domperidone in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on a C18 column [4.6 x 100mm, 5mm, Make: BDS] using a mixture of potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.3 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 298 nm .The retention time of Domperidone and Esomeprazole was 2.788 min and 3.485 min. The linearity was observed In range of 50-130 µg/ml and 60-140 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of Domperidone and Esomeprazole were 0.999 and 0.999.the proposed method was validated for its linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness .The proposed method is simple, accurate, precise, and reproducible hence it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Esomeprazole and Domperidone in pharmaceutical dosage form.

Keywords: HPLC, Domperidone and Esomeprazole, Estimation, capsules.

ABSTRACT

A simple, cheap, fast and accurate Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for determination of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride and its degraded products in pharmaceutical dosage form. This method was developed by using an analytical Zodiac C18 Column (250 mmx4.6mm, 5µm) and mobile phase comprises of 70% methanol and 30% acetonitrile. The method was validated and found to be linear, selective, accurate, robust, rugged and precise. The lower Limit of Detection (LOD) and lower Limit of Quantification (LOQ) respectively were 1.50 µg/ml and 5.0 µg/ml.  The methods utilized in this study are the degradation of drug i.e. aqueous, 0.1N HCl, 0.1N NaOH, 3% H₂O₂, thermal, photolytic and UV light. Developed HPLC method is able to separate all degrading products from any stress condition from drug peak by resolution of more than 2. This developed method can be used for routine analysis for the estimation of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride in bulk and in tablet dosage form in pharmaceutical industry because it is simple, cheap and accurate.

Keywords: RP-HPLC, Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride, Validation

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder emerging as a major health problem which increases the rate of morbidity and mortality.  The study was a prospective, cross sectional, observational study conducted on both inpatients and outpatients of a tertiary hospital in Bangalore, who were diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes mellitus after obtaining the approval from the institutional review board. A suitable data collection form was designed to collect and document the data pertaining to sociodemographic details, treatment , including costs for patients with Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus was observed to be higher in patients in the age group of 45-64 years, affecting (61%) males and (48.02%) females. We observed that 44 (14.66%) patients were treated with insulin+oral hypoglycemic agents, 159 (53%) were treated with only Insulin while 97(32.66%) patients were prescribed only oral hypoglycemic agents. In our study average number of drugs per prescription was found to be 5.54 ±1.59, and average number of antidiabetic drugs was found to be 1.14±0.59. The mean prescription cost of inpatients for 5 days was found to be 679.24INR for diabetic drugs. For outpatients the mean prescription cost of antidiabetic drugs for 5 days was 98.73INR for antidiabetic drugs. This study has provided baseline data regarding the prescribing pattern in diabetes patients. The use of drugs on the essential medicine list to reduce the cost of treatment and to improve compliance of the patients must be encouraged.

Keywords: Prescribing pattern, antidiabetic drugs, cost, WHO prescribing indicators

ABSTRACT

The metabolic syndrome describes a group of modifiable risk factors occurring in the same individual and associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Increased serum urate concentration and gout were already recognized as important features. The aim of this study was determining the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with gout.All patients referred to Kims Hospital and St. philomenas hospital who were diagnosed with gout were studied according to the criteria of metabolic syndrome. The variables included: age, sex, weight, height, BMI, blood pressure, waist circumference, cigarette smoking, triglyceride, liver enzymes, and liver sonography. SPSS version 19 was used for statistical analysis.A total of 70 patients with gout (62 male) with mean age 46+/-14.2 years (range 75-34) years and mean period of 4.5 years of gouty arthritis, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 84% (59 patients). The prevalence of other abnormalities was:  Body mass index (BMI) >24 75.5%, central obesity 68.5%, hypertension 52.8%, fatty liver 37.2%,TG 31.4%, T2DM 12.4%,Also, 38.5% of patients had a history of cigarette smoking. The mean BMI in this group of patients was 26kg/m².The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with gout is so high. Efforts should be aimed at decreasing the cardiovascular risk factors among these patients.

Keywords: Metabolic syndrome – patients with gout – prevalence.

ABSTRACT

Cholecystisis and cholelithiasis with its complication dominate the disease of the biliary tract.These diseases may cause severe infection and/or sepsis. In addition to surgical treatments, prompt administration of appropriate antibiotic is important to control the biliary tract infection. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the bacteriology in biliary tract disease and provide information for antibiotic choices. To isolate the bacterial flora from bile of gallbladder diseases and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of different bacterial isolates. In this prospective study of one year study period from July 2006 to June 2007, a total of 50 bile samples was collected from patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gall bladder diseases in Surgical OT and isolated bacteria were identified and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern studied by standard microbiological methods in a tertiary care hospital in Guwahati, Assam over a period of one year. Out of 50 bile samples, 24 (40%) showed positive bile cultures, the commonest aerobic organisms being E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Bacteroides fragilis was common among anaerobes. Gentamicin was the most effective drug among aerobes. Metronidazole, Chlorumphenicol & Imepenum being effective among anaerobes . Our bacteriological findings shows a changing trend in the microbial etiology and their antibiogram pattern which will help the clinicians  to formulate a proper and appropriate antibiotics used against pathogens, to reduce likelihood of complications like wound infections and gram negative septicemia.

Keywords: Cholelithiasis, Cholecystectomy, Antibiogram

ABSTRACT

A simple and sensitive high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of Donepezil HCL in its bulk and tablet dose tablet formulation (5 mg). Donepezil HCL was chromatographed on silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate using  methanol : toluene (2:8, v/v) as mobile phase. Donepezil HCL showed Rf value 0.54 + 0.008 and scanned at 245 nm using a camag TLC scanner 3. The method was validated in terms of linearity (100 – 800 ng/spot), precision (system precision = 0.0123 and method precision = 0.0084), accuracy (100.3 ± 0.76) and specificity. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for Donepezil HCL were found to be 1.72 ng/spot and 2.07 ng/spot, respectively. The developed method was successfully used for the assay of Donepezil HCL tablet formulation. This method also contain forced degradation studies for standard and tablet. The method was found to be simple, sensitive, specific, accurate and precise and can be used for the routine quality control testing of Donepezil HCL in tablet dosage form.

Keywords: Donepezil HCL , HPTLC, tablet, validation, forced degradation studies.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the present study was to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly water soluble drug by solid dispersion technique. Irbesartan was used as a model drug to evaluate its release characteristics from the formulations. Solid dispersions of Irbesartan with PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 were prepared by physical mixing, solvent evaporation and melting techniques in w/w ratios (drug: carrier). Characterization of the solid dispersions was carried out by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The dissolution profiles of solid dispersions were compared with those of the pure drug. Solid dispersions of Irbesartan with PEG 4000 prepared by solvent evaporation technique at 1:1 ratio showed greater dissolution compared to other formulations. FTIR and DSC studies showed no significant interaction between Irbesartan and the hydrophilic carriers.

Keywords: dissolution, solid dispersions, melting technique, solvent evaporation, Irbesartan

ABSTRACT

Acacia seyal is well known in the Sudanese traditional medicine for its therapeutic value. The pleasantly fragrant fumigate bath, locally known as Dokhan, mainly from the stem or stem wood of the plant is widely used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The investigation and a composition of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the dry distillates (Dokhan) prepared by dry distillation method from the stem, stem wood and stem bark is the objective of the present study.  The results showed remarkable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the dry distillates. The antioxidant activity assayed by using DPPH radical scavenging technique was found to be 94±0.01%, 95±0.03, 93±0.02 for the stem, its wood and bark respectively compared to Propylgallate, standard antioxidant agent 90±0.01. The disc diffusion procedure was used for antimicrobial activity assessment which revealed the highest activity in the stem wood dry distillate with inhibitory zone diameter ranging from 20 to 36 mm.

Keywords: Comparative study, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Acacia, seyal, Stem, Stem wood, Stem bark, Dry Distillates

ABSTRACT

The present work describes a new simple, sensitive and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) for the simultaneous estimation of Losartan potassium (LP) and Perindopril erbumine (PE) in bulk and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was performed on KNAUER High Performance Liquid Chromatographic System with C18 column of Make: Thermo Hypersil – ODS of dimensions 250 x 4.6mmwith a mobile phase comprising of 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5): Acetonitrile: Methanol in the ratio of 5:55:40v/v. the pH of buffer was adjusted with ortho phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min with detection with detection at 210nm.As per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines the method was validated for linearity, precision, limit of quantitation, limit if detection and robustness. Linearity of LP was found to be in the range of 350µg/ml-650µg/ml and 28µg/ml-52µg/ml for PE. The correlation coefficient for LP and PE was found to be 0.997 and 0.998 respectively. The mean recoveries obtained for LP and PE was found to be 100.222% and 99.844% respectively. The developed analytical method was found to be accurate, linear, specific, and precise which is evident from the statistical data.

Keywords: Losartan Potassium, Perindopril Erbumine, RP-HPLC, simultaneous estimation, validation.

ABSTRACT

In the present study some novel ester derivates of prednisolone were synthesized as prodrugs and evaluated for their anti- inflammatory activity. This compound was prepared by reacting Ethyl-N-tert-butyloxycarbonylglycinate-protected amino acids. These novel prodrugs were also characterized with the help of usual analytical and spectral techniques (I.R spectroscopy & N.M.R. spectroscopy). These newly synthesized ester derivates of prodrugs were screened for their spectral techniques.  All the above compounds showed significant anti- inflammatory effect at 50 mg/kg p.o. and the experimental data are statistically significant at p< 0.05 level. The pharmacological activities exhibited by synthesized novel compounds have confirmed that they may serve the purpose of being accepted as the novel therapeutic agents as anti-inflammatory agents.

Keywords: Prednisolone; Ester Derivates; Spectral Techniques; Anti- Inflammatory

ABSTRACT

The objective of the study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of Acetone root extract of Canthium parviflorum Lam. (ARECP) in N-Nitroso N-methyl urea (NMU) induced mammary carcinoma in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats of 55 day old were divided into five groups (normal control, disease control, ARECP 200 mg/kg, ARECP 400 mg/kg, tamoxifen10 mg/kg) of six animals each. The mammary carcinoma was induced by two intraperitoneal doses of N-Nitroso N-methyl urea (NMU) (50mg/kg/body weight each) in 0.9% Nacl (maintained at 4⁰C) at 55 day of age and 4 week after the prior administration. The drug ARECP was administered in two doses, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg orally and compared with the oral dose of tamoxifen (10 mg/kg). ARECP 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and tamoxifen10 mg/kg decreased the tumor incidences by 33.33%, 50%, and 83.33% and the total number of tumors in group by 33.33%, 60% and 93.33% respectively, when compared to the disease control. ARECP 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and tamoxifen 10 mg/kg decreased the average tumor burden by 65.06%, 92.16% and 95.72% and average tumor volume by 62.25%, 85.18%, and 93.73% respectively, when compared to disease control group. The results concluded that ARECP prevent the mammary carcinogenesis induced by N-Nitroso N-methyl urea in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Keywords: Mammary Carcinoma, Canthium parviflorum, tamoxifen, N-Nitroso N-methyl urea.

ABSTRACT

The present paper represents an attempt to investigate the effect of the geographical location on the yield percent and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Cyperus rotundus. The  essential oils of the plant were collected in five different locations in Sudan, namely Dongola (northern Sudan); Darfour (western Sudan); Aljazeera and Khartoum (central Sudan) and Sinnar (eastern Sudan) and prepared by hydro -distillation technique. The percentage yields were found to be variable according to the growing location. The highest yield was found in the Dongola sample (1.2%) and the lowest in Khartoum and Aljazeera samples (0.5%). The antimicrobial activities of the prepared essential oils were also variable with regard to the sample tested .The highest antimicrobial activity was found in Khartoum oil sample followed by Darfour oil sample; Dongola oil sample; Aljazeera and Khartoum oil samples and finally Sinnar oil sample.

Keywords: Geographical location, Effect, Essential oil, Antimicrobial activity, Oil content, Cyperus, rotundus

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was aimed to develop Glipizide loadedproliopsomal carrier system for Transdermal drug delivery which, deliver the drug effectively over an extended period of time to improve the anti diabetic effect of the loaded drug. Glipizide loaded proliposomal  gel was prepared by coacervation-phase separation method using different combinations of drug, sorbitol with cholesterol and lecithin (GF1 – GF6). Proliposome formulations were characterized for physical appearance, pH, vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, drug content uniformity, surface morphology, zeta potential analysis, in-vitro drug release, skin irritation test, and hypoglycemic activity. Among the different formulation, GF2 formulation showed more entrapment efficiency and drug content compared to all other formulations.  The optimized formulation GF4 showed maximum reduction in blood glucose level 101.83 ± 0.983at 24 hrs as compared to oral drug. Proliposomal gel (PLG1) showed no skin irritation and delivered the Glipizide in a controlled manner as compared to conventional dosage form, as evidenced by a significant decrease in blood glucose level in diabetes rats. Thus proliposomal gel will be suitable drug delivery system for Glipizide due to ease of preparation and incorporation of less number of excipients.

Keywords: Proliposomes, Glipizide, in vitro release, hypoglycemic activity, Transdermal delivery.

ABSTRACT

The objective of present study was to prepare and evaluate orally fast dissolving film of Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate for the effective management of peptic ulcers to prevent excess amount of acid secretion in the stomach. Drug Esomeprazole was identified using DSC, FTIR and XRD. To improve the water solubility beta cyclodextrin complex of drug in 1:1 milimolar ratio was prepared. Solubility of drug in complex was found to be 7.67±0.52 mg/ml, represents the complex formation between drug and beta cyclodextrin. 21 batches of fast dissolving film of beta cyclodextrin complex were prepared by using different type of film forming agent, different concentration of film forming agent, different type of plasticizers, and different concentration of plasticizer agent. On evaluation, HPMC E15 and propylene glycol was optimized. Most of the films were homogeneous, transparent, colorless, flexible and easily peel out. The prepared films were subjected to characterization for weight variations, thickness, disintegration time, dissolving time, drug release pattern, % moisture loss etc.  On drug release kinetic mode study, optimized fast dissolving film following Higuchi model.  The scanning electron photomicrograph of the film showed smooth surface with some little pores and without any scratches or transverse striations which is an indication of uniform distribution of drug particles and fast disintegration. Films were stored at different temperature did not show any changes in the physical appearance. Clear, transparent and homogeneous films remained throughout the 90 days but at accelerated temperature conditions, some part of film was breakdown during Peeling out.

Keywords:  Esomeprazole Magnesium trihydrate, Oral films, Solvent casting, Propylene glycol, Pharmacokinetics, HPMC E15.

ABSTRACT

This study explored the effect of bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica Linn in management of diabetic neuropathy in experimental animals. Adult Wistar rats (either sex; 250-275 g) were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg; i.p.) to induce diabetes. Methanol extract of bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica was administered in 3 doses (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg; p.o.) to rats for 28 successive days daily after 4 weeks of STZ administration. After 8 weeks, the neuropathic activity was evaluated using Open field test, Tail Flick test, Cold Allodynia and Formalin test. Afterwards, sciatic nerve was used for TBARS, GSH, Nitrite, Catalase and protein estimations. STZ induced diabetic neuropathy caused decrease in tail-flick latency time in radiant heat test and decreased allodynic response in tail-immersion (cold water) test. STZ caused increase in blood glucose, Glycosylated Haemoglobin and blood Cholesterol levels. Furthermore, activity of endogenous antioxidants like GSH and catalase significantly decreased; however, TBARS and nitrite levels were increased. Administration of MEHA for 28 days prevented the development of diabetic neuropathy as evident from reversed (p< 0.05) cold allodynia and tail flick latency (p< 0.05) as compared to diabetic control group. Glycosylated haemoglobin and cholesterol levels were significantly decreased (p< 0.05) in rats as compared to diabetic control group. MEHA treated rats showed significant decreased TBARS and nitrite levels and increased GSH and Catalase level. Thus, Holarrhena antidysenterica not only improved the diabetic condition but also reversed neuropathic pain through modulation of oxidative–nitrosative stress.

Keywords: Holarrhena antidysenterica, neuropathy, diabetes, streptozotocin, oxidative stress

ABSTRACT

Mankind uses various products to enhance beauty and elegance to look young and charming. Cosmetics thus play a vital role in human life. Now a days, herbal cosmetic are widely used because of the belief that they have fewer side effects and better safety. Hair is one of the primary parts of the body which acts as a protective appendage. The objective of the present work is to develop a hair oil for general purpose (daily use) using various herbs. The formulated oil was evaluated for its organoleptic properties, acid value, saponification value, refractive index, pH etc. All the parameters were found to be good and within the standards.

Keywords: Hair oil, herbs, cosmetics, formulation, evaluation.

ABSTRACT

Efflux inhibition is proven bacterial machinery responsible for removal of bacterial wastage including antibiotics. Recently, efflux inhibitors (EI) have been tested with encouraging results as an adjuvant therapy for treatment of various bacterial invasions especially methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although, EI have emerged as innovative approach of treatment for several multi drug resistant bacterial infections including tuberculosis, toxicity profile limits their wider use. To address this issue, we have attempted synthesizing hybrid molecules those results by combining known EI and triazole. This synthesis was aimed to arrive at structure that possesses pharmacophore from known EI. Synthesized molecules were evaluated as growth inhibitors (GI) and Efflux inhibitor of S. aureus. Pharmacologically active compounds were then tested for their cytotoxicity to further narrow down search. Most active compounds 209, 210, 217 & 228 were then tested for their GEI action against MRSA. We arrived at compound 210 as most potent dual inhibitor.

Keywords: MRSA, triazole, resistance, PDST210, dual inhibition.

ABSTRACT

Synthesis new organic azo dye as reagent 3-((4-acetyl-3-hydroxyphenyl) diazenyl)-4-amino-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzene sulfonamide (SDA) and Analytical Study of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II),  metals complexes .The reagent and its complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, Uv-Vis, FT- IR and molar conductivity measurements. The data show that the complexes have the composition of [MR]X₂ type. The conductivity data for all complexes are consistent with those expected for an electrolyte. Octahedral environment is suggested for metal complexes.

Keywords: conductivity data, organic azo dye

ABSTRACT

Heterophragma adenophyllum is a traditional medicinal tree occurring in both tropical and sub tropical regions of the world and is important for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of total methanolic extract of leaves and bark of Heterophragma adenophyllumwere investigated. The total ash, water soluble, acid insoluble, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, moisture content and fluorescence property of Heterophragma adenophyllumleaf and barkpowder were evaluated. Phytochemical screenings of oven dried extracts were performed to check the presence of various phytoconstituents. The leaf methanolic oven dried extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic, flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids and amino acids were as bark methanolic oven dried extract shows presence of phenolic, carbohydrats and flavenoids.  The capacity of antioxidant property of both the methanolic extract was evaluated by using DPPH and Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated to quantify the presence of phenolic content in extracts. The leaf total methanolic oven dried extract showed higher antioxidant activity compared to bark methanolic oven dried extract and thus, the outcome of the present study suggest that the therapeutic activities of leaf methanolic extract of heterophragma adenophyllumcan be attributed to its antioxidant property.

Keywords:Heterophragma adenophyllum, Physiochemical, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, successive extract.

ABSTRACT

Floating drug delivery system is suitable for NVP as the absorption and solubility of NVP is high at pH<3. The absorption rate of NVP was decreased from upper part to lower part of GIT and from jejunum to descending colon thus the purpose of our study was formulation of floating bioadhesive tablets to increase the retention time of drug in its absorption area and decrease the dosing interval by increasing the bioavailability. The formulations were prepared by polymer such as hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and carbopol 934 in different ratio using direct compression technique. The effervescent base sodium bi carbonate and citric acid was used in 7.5% ratio. The present was concluded that the floating-bioadhesive tablets of Nevirapine can increase the gastric residence time as well as bioavailability. Thus better patient compliance can be achieved.

Keywords: Nevirapine, gastric retention, floating, bioadhesion

ABSTRACT

Chirality in drug action is getting greater attention in medical practice these days, as two enantiomers of a chiral drug may differ in their bioavailability, rate of metabolism, excretion, potency and selectively for a particular receptor in the body. The drug in the form recemates, consisting of an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers, generally causes side effects in the body, because one of the isomer is active while other is not. About more than half of the drugs currently in use are chiral compounds and nearly 90% are marketed as recemates. Chiral separation is one of the methods to separate two isomers of racemic compound. In an new approach, we synthesized a novel carbohydrate derived gemini surfactants and explore them for encapsulation of some poorly water soluble drugs and chiral recognition of some aromatic α-amino acids, these gemini surfactants can be used to chiral recognition of isomers of chiral drugs.

Keywords: Micellization, chiral recognition, chiral drugs, Gemini surfactants, carbohydrate.

ABSTRACT

Co-amoxiclav for pediatric use comes as oral powder, which has to be reconstituted before administration. Concerns have been raised regarding the appropriateness of environmental conditions. A stability study was carried out on the original brand (Augmentin) suspension which were reconstituted and kept under the standard storage conditions of 2-8ºC and at home conditions (25ºC). Both compounds (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) were considered stable if they retained 90% of their initial concentrations. From the study, it was found that the home conditions had no significant detrimental effect on the stability of amoxicillin but had a significant on stability of clavulanic acid, throughout the duration of therapy (10 days). However. The standard storage temperature should be adhered to stringently to guarantee maximum therapeutic benefit. This revealed that amoxicillin remained stable throughout the duration of therapy but clavulanic acid did not. Physical compatibility was assessed by visual observation for discoloration and precipitation throughout the duration of therapy. The chemical stability of the drug was analyzed by HPLC instrumental method. The various parameters analyzed include description, odor, color, taste, assay, water content, specific gravity, and pH. These parameters were evaluated at zero day, 3^rd day, 7^th day, 10^th day intervals. The results of assay indicate that the samples are within the allow able limits (90-120%) for amoxicillin at recommended conditions and home conditions, but the storage of Augmentin suspension at home conditions (25ºC). showed that the  clavulanic acid rapidly exposed to degradation directly after reconstitution of all batches after 3 days, the assay test were out the limit, however, when stored at refrigerator temperature (2-8ºC) the degradation of clavulanic acid is very low after prolong period (about 10 days). The results of amoxicillin concentration in all tested batches that were stored at 2-8ºC were very similar to the results of assay that were stored at room temperature.

Key words: stability evaluation, amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, degradation, reconstitution.

ABSTRACT

Eletriptan hydrobromide is used for the acute treatment of attacks of migraine with or without aura in adults. It is also used in Vascular Headaches. To develop stability indicating method, the technique of forced degradation studies was adopted. Eletriptan hydrobromide solution was spotted on plates precoated silica gel 60F₂₅₄. The mobile phase used was Methanol: Toluene (9.5: 0.5 v/v) and quantification was carried out at wavelength225 nm. The system showed a peak for Eletriptan hydrobromide at Rf value of 0.23 ± 0.03.The Drug was subjected to acid, base, neutral hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal degradation and photolysis. Stress testing of Eletriptan hydrobromide was carried out according to the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guideline Q1A (R2).The method was successfully validated according to ICH guidelines Q2 (R1). The data of linear regression analysis indicated a good linear relationship over the range of 500–2500 ng/band concentrations with correlation coefficient value of 0.9979. The accuracy of the method was established based on the recovery studies. The LOD and LOQ of Eletriptan hydrobromide was found to be 31.03 ng/band and 94.06 ng/band respectively. Among various stress conditions, Eletriptan hydrobromide showed considerable degradation under alkali and acid catalyzed hydrolysis, oxidative and photolytic condition.

Keywords: Eletriptan Hydrobromide, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, Stability indicating method, Forced Degradation.

ABSTRACT

A Novel stability-indicating method was developed and validated by Reverse phase Hplc method   for the estimation of Thiotepa in Lyophilized form. The simple, Accurate Assay method was developed by PDA Detector at 215nm and column(YMC,150mmx4.6mm, 3.5 μm,12nm).The mobile phase A consisted of (3.5g of potassium Dihydrogen phosphate/1liter: 4.2g of Disodium hydrogen Phosphate/2liters)Buffer : Acetonitrile (85:15v/v) and The mobile phase B consisted of (3.5g of potassium Dihydrogen phosphate/1liter: 4.2g of Disodium hydrogen Phosphate/2liters)Buffer : Acetonitrile (50:50v/v) gradient flow rate at 1.0 mL/min for 30minutes. Samples was stored at 5°c temperature in sample cooler and Column oven temperature was maintained  in the method at 30°c  Respectively. The retention time of Thiotepa was 11.313 minutes. The proposed method was developed and validated with respect to specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, Analyte Stability. Specificity of the Assay method shows no interference from Diluent and degrading products formed by alkaline, acidic, oxidative, Water Hydrolysis conditions. At Each level, %Recovery of Thiotepa in formulations was obtained to be in a range of 98-102%. The linearity of the assay was established in the range of 159.915-479.744µg/mL with correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.9999. This method was shows simple, precise, more accurate, stability indicating and reliable determination of Thiotepa for drug stability assay in pharmaceutical studies.

Keywords: Thiotepa, RP HPLC, Method Development, Method Validation, Stability indicating method.

ABSTRACT

Several per-O-acetyl and per-O-benzoyl glycosylbis-thiocarbamides were synthesized by the interaction of glycosylisothiocyanates and o-phenylenediamine. The identities of these newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of usual chemical transformations, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and Mass spectral studies. All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against different bacteria and fungi by agar diffusion method.

Keywords: Glycosylbis-thiocarbamides, glycosylisothiocyanate, antimicrobial analysis.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to Design and Process Validate Bi-layer Tablet of Metformin Hydrochloride (MTH) and Gliclazide (GZ) effective for the treatment of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). For formulation of bi-layer tablet, initially both layer optimized individually. MTH and Gliclazide were formulated as sustained release layers (L1 and L2) by using various Hydrophilic polymers such as Methocel CR, HPMC K100, HPMC 15Cps and Methocel K100 LV. The effect of concentration of hydrophilic matrix (Methocel CR, HPMC 15Cps), binder (Polyvinyl Pyrollidone [PVP K90/PVP K30] on MTH and GZ drug release rate from matrix system was studied. The dissolution study of sustained release layer showed that an increasing amount of Methocel CR and HPMC or PVP K30/90 results in reduced drug release. Optimized batch of both drug formulations were used for formulation of bi-layer tablet. The rational for formulation of bi-layer tablet of these two drugs in combination was from class second generation sulphonylureas and biguanides was suitable for the treatment of NIDDM. Bi-layer tablet was suitable for preventing direct contact of these two drugs and maximize the efficacy of combination of two drugs for treatment of NIDDM.

Keywords: Metformin Hydrochloride, Gliclazide, Bi-layer Tablet, Methocel CR, PVPK30/90.

ABSTRACT

Trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by demyelination resulting from vascular compression of trigeminal sensory fibers within either the nerve root or the brainstem. Other causes where demyelination is involved or implicated include multiple sclerosis, compressive space occupying masses in the posterior fossa. These focal demyelination areas have close apposition of demyelinated axons and an absence of intervening glial processes. It is this anatomical arrangement that coupled with pulsatile vascular indentation which favors the ectopic generation of spontaneous nerve impulses and their ephaptic conduction to adjacent fibers, and increased spontaneous nerve activity. Decompression results in separation of demyelinated axons and their release from focal distortion leading to rapid relief of symptoms in most patients with vessel-associated trigeminal neuralgia. Anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and topiramate are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy of this condition. These medications are initially effective for pain control in 90% patients.  When the patients become refractory to the pharmacotherapy surgical interventions are warranted. On the basis of clinical studies microvascular decompression seem to be the most effective treatment in terms of patient satisfaction and cost effectiveness. The peripheral procedures have higher recurrence rate and complications and have relatively lower long term cost effectiveness

Keywords: Trigeminal neuralgia, pathogenesis, modalities

ABSTRACT

Wnt /β-catenin signaling plays an important role in tumor cell dedifferentiation and proliferation. Wnt proteins are a family of secreted glycoproteins. Abnormal activation of wnt signaling results in tumor progression. Wnt proteins binds to the frizzled receptors and LRP5/6 co-receptors and through the stabilization of β-catenin a critical mediator, initiates a complex signaling cascade that plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiations. The elevated levels of oncogenic protein-β-catenin have been observed in many of the human cancers, indicating that this pathway plays an important role in tumor development. The wnt signaling can be inhibited at the extracellular level, at regulatory protein level and also by targeting the expressions of β-catenin by protein knockdown and by targeting the downstream mediators of β-catenin signaling such as c-myc, cyclin D1, PPARS and COX-2. In this review we discuss the effects of  NSAIDS and flavanoids that are being used or explored to target the β-catenin signaling in the treatment of cancers.

Keywords: wnt, β-catenin, signal transduction, anticancer targets, NSAIDS, flavanoids