ABSTRACT

Asthma is a complex, chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyper-responsiveness. Inflammation has a central role in pathophysiology of asthma. Airway inflammation involves an interaction of many cell types and multiple mediators with the airways that eventually results in the characteristic pathophysiological features of the disease. Patients typically present with intermittent symptoms of cough, wheeze, dyspnea, and/or chest discomfort. Asthma is often associated with a history of atopy, and this association in asymptomatic patient is one of the most strongest predictors of asthma.

Keywords: Airway, asthma, inflammation, cell types, hyper sensitivity.

ABSTRACT

Generic drug versus branded drug is a general concept  this idea is come in our mind  because the cost of the medicines is a concern for the patients. Within India cost of medicines varies, by doing the survey of Jan Aushadhi Stores price. Government should distinct price printed on drug as they are much higher than they are sold on whole sell price. Further survey was conducted for following target groups and individuals. The groups are Literate population, Common public  and Practicing Pharmacists. The different sets of questionnaire were prepared for each group and survey was conducted. Even if generic medicines are going to be made available free of cost at the government hospitals. The war of prices between branded and generic may not stop. More stringent rules and regulation are required for making the drugs available at reasonable cost for the masses. For the benefit of the patients, if pharmacist needs to change a brand for generic medicine, should be permitted by law. Awareness, knowledge and preference of medication.

Keywords:  Regulations, Survey review, Branded medicine, Generics.

ABSTRACT

Exam anxiety is a fairly common condition among students of all ages, and while it can often be diagnosed by experts, the sufferer is usually already acutely aware of the condition. A useful way how to overcome nervousness and anxiety is to take note of triggers that create tension. Diagnosing exam stress involves charting the physical, mental, and emotional reactions experienced when anticipating a test, when taking the test, and after the test has been completed. This also includes thoughts on performance. Generally, if a person feels more stressed, strained, or anxious when taking a test than at any other normal time in their life, then they are probably suffering from test anxiety. The study Aims To assess examination related anxiety among grade six secondary school  students and to determine the factors contributing to exam anxiety among them , to improve in the next examination if something goes to wrong. A cross sectional study conducted through the use of self completed questionnaire modified from evaluation of exam anxiety questionnaire. The study was carried out from the 10 th Oct. 2013 to the end of May 2014. The present study was carried out from grade six secondary school students in Baghdad city including : Salah El-Deen preparatory school for boys,  Al  Resala preparatory school for boys, Al Shaab secondary school for girls  and Al Benoug private school for girls .Study sample included (400) cases of grade six secondary school students. Data were collected through the utilization of self developed questionnaire consisting of three domains, an interview with school students to explain the problem, Anxiety results were measured by the use of quintuple scale as shown in the last part of the questionnaire (Psychological domain). Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statics as well as Inferential Statistics (Chi-Square) that included the procedure.  Results of the study: Headache was the main symptom affecting students having exam anxiety in 223 (55.75%) of cases following by body and hand shaking in 207 (51.75%) of them, The higher percentages found in 155 (38.8%) of cases age (18) years. Higher percentages of exam anxiety were noticed in literary studying branch who have extreme exam anxiety in 79 (19.8%) of cases. Higher percentages of exam anxiety were noticed in female students having extreme exam anxiety in 114 (28.5) of cases. Higher percentages age of exam anxiety were noticed in moderate socio economic status in students having extreme exam anxiety in 86 (21.5%) of cases. Highly significant association between age and anxiety; gender and anxiety were noticed.

Key words: Anxiety, Examination, phobia, psychological, students

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the Antihyperlipedimic activity of ethanol root extract of Carica papaya in wistar rat .The pulverized plant materials were taken up for extraction using hydro alcohol in the proportion of 5:95. The extraction was carried out by continuous cold percolation method Antihyperlipedimic activity was carried out using poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemia in wistar rat at the dose level of 100 mg/kg p.o and 200 mg/kg p.o. Oral administration of ethanol   root extract of carica papaya (ERCP) significantly reduced the level of  TC, TG, LDL and VLDL, while increasing (p< 0.001) HDL – C levels compared to control and standard drug Atorvastatin 10mg/kg.. Significant lowering of TC and an increase in HDL are very desirable biochemical state for the prevention of atherosclerosis and ischemic condition. The results of this study suggested that (ERCP) possessed potent anti-hyperlipidemic activity in poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats, as was evident from the reduced levels of TC, TG, LDL and VLDL.

Keywords: Carica papaya, Poloxamer 407, Antihyperlipedimic, Atorvastatin.

ABSTRACT

The present investigation is to Design and In-vitro evaluation of the sustained release matrix tablets of Glimepiride used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Glimepiride (6mg) sustained-release (SR) matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation method using different concentrations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers. Such as Xanthumgum, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Povidone, Guargum, Magnesium Stearate, Pectin. The mechanism of action of glimepiride in lowering blood glucose appears to be dependent on stimulating the release of insulin from functioning pancreatic beta cells. The mixture of Glimipride powder was subjected to pre compression evaluation such as angle of repose, loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, hausarner’s ratio and compressibility index. The FTIR Spectrum is carried for the pure drug and for the optimized formula. This indicated that there was not any interaction between drug and polymer. All the formulations (F1-F12) were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, thickness, Friability, Content uniformity and invitro dissolution. The invitro dissolution studies were performed in pH 7.4 indicated that formulation F8 (Glimepiride and Guar gum in the ratio of 1:6) is the most success full formulation of this study and exhibited drug release 99.2% in 12 hr.  To investigate the drug-release kinetics, data were fitted to various kinetic models such as zero-order, first-order, Higuchi equation, Korsmeyer-Pappas equation, and Hixson–Crowell equation.

Keywords: Glimepiride, sustained release, In-vitro evaluation, MCC, Avicel PH-102.

ABSTRACT

Herbal ointment containing hydroalcoholic extract of plants- psorolea corylifalia , Achryanthes aspera, was formulated as ointment  and the hydroalchoholic extract was prepared by maceration method and the extract was incorporated into 10gm of simple ointment base by melting and trituration to give ointment . These formulations were evaluated for the following parameters: pH, spreadability, grittiness, skin irritation study, stability.

Keywords: Herbal ointment.

ABSTRACT

The present study is carried out using the UPLC as the analytical technique in developing and validating an accurate, precise, linear and robust analytical method for the simultaneous estimation of Pitofenone hydrochloride, Diclofenac potassium and Fenpiverinium bromide in tablets. The method is optimized with a mixture of 0.01M phosphate buffer (P^H4.8) and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 40:60 (V/V) as mobile phase and Agilent SB C18 (250 X 4.6) mm, 5µm as stationary phase. The Chromatographic peaks were detected and measured at 215nm. The retention times of Pitofenone hydrochloride, Diclofenac potassium and Fenpiverinium bromide were found to be 1.0, 1.66 and 2.0 respectively. The developed method was demonstrated to access its suitability for meeting its intended purpose by the Validation with a set of validation parameters as per ICH and USP guidelines.  The method is found to be precise with %RSD - 0.48, 0.69, 0.66 for Pitofenone hydrochloride, Diclofenac potassium and Fenpiverinium bromide respectively: accurate with the recoveries of 99.6 to 101.6, 100.51 to 101 and about 100% for Pitofenone hydrochloride, Diclofenac potassium and Fenpiverinium bromide respectively. The method is proved to be linear from the conc.12.5 to 75ppm for Pitofenone, 250 to750 ppm for Diclofenac and 0.5 to 1.5ppm for Fenpiverinium bromide with the correlation coefficients of 0.999, 0.999 and 0.999 respectively. Hence the developed method could be used for the routine analysis purpose in the evaluation of Pitofenone, Diclofenac potassium and Fenpiverinium bromide Tablets.

Keywords: Pitofenone hydrochloride, Diclofenac potassium, Fenpiverinium bromide, UPLC, Validation

ABSTRACT

The objective of the study was to determine the anticancer efficacy of M. maderaspatana fruit extract against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7). Different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/ml) of methanol extract of M. maderaspatana fruit were used to assess the in vitro cytotoxic effect using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Identification and quantification of beta carotenoid in HPLC. The various concentrations of crude methanol extract (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/ml concentration) of M. maderaspatana fruit were performed for cytotoxic activity. Effect of inhibition of cell growth showed significantly cytotoxic against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7)   with an inhibit cell growth by 50% (IC50) of 32 ± 1.0 μg/ml. The βeta- carotene content through spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography HPLC analysis showed that 88ppm of betacarotene present in M.maderspantana fruits.  The results obtained from the study indicate significant cytotoxic activity. The result of anticancer activity study in cell lines of the M.maderspantana extract indicates that has anticancer activity against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7)   cancer cell lines. The present study concluded that the methanol extract of M.maderspantana possess potent cytotoxic activity.

Keywords: MCF – 7 Breast cancer cell line, M.maderspantana, Fruit, Beta carotenoid

ABSTRACT

A variety of novel clubbed triazolyl indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines 14-21 derivatives were synthesized in good yields and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral and elemental analyses. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro anticancer activity and topoisomerase I inhibition. Several compounds showed interesting cytotoxic activities when compared with the Doxorubicin as a reference drug.

Keywords: Clubbed triazoles, topoisomerase

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to develop a pH independent enteric coated extended release pellets containing flurbiprofen. The drug loaded pellets were prepared by using extrusion/ spheronization method using microcrystalline cellulose in combination with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate as pellet forming agents. Core pellets were coated with polymers Eudragit RS-100 and Eudragit RL-100 in a fluid bed coater to achieve a sustainable release for 24 hours. The pellets were subjected to physicochemical studies, SEM study, in-vitro drug release, kinetic studies and stability studies. DSC and FTIR studies shown there was no interaction between drug and polymers. The physicochemical properties of pellets were found within the limits. The drug release from the optimized formulations was extended for a period of 24 hrs i.e. first 2 hrs no drug release was observed and gradually drug release was increased up to 24 hrs. From the above results, achievement of site specific release to lower part of gastrointestinal tract might be due to Eudragit RL 100. The optimized formulation was subjected to stability studies and showed no significant changes in drug content, physicochemical parameters and release pattern. In conclusion, development of novel and good approach to achieve the site specific release of drug Flurbiprofen.

Keywords: Flurbiprofen, sustain drug delivery, site specific release, extrusion-spheronization.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate self micro emulsifying drug delivery system to enhance the solubility of the BCS class II drug, i.e. itraconazole. SMEDDS of the model drug were prepared using castor oil and benzyl alcohol as oil phase, tween 80 as surfactant and poly ethylene glycol 400 and ethanol as co-solvents. The prepared SMEDDS were characterized by SEM and zeta potential. SMEDDS were evaluated for globule size, stability studies, dispersibility test and in vitro drug release. SEM photograph showed that globules were smooth and spherical in shape. The particle size and zeta potential of prepared formulation was found to be between 8-16 µm and -11.5 to -55.6 respectively. Stability of itraconazole drug was found to depending on the amount of castor oil present in the formulation. As concentration of castor oil in the formulation increases, so the stability. In vitro drug release of the formulations was carried out in pH 1.2 buffer for 2 hours. Formulation F6 showed 98.50% drug release at the end of 2 hours. It was concluded that the SMEDDS prepared seem to promising carriers for enhancing the bioavailability and the solubility of poorly water soluble drug.

Keywords: SMEDDS, Itraconazole, Castor oil, pH 1.2 buffer. 

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the physicochemical parameter. Anti-Helminthic  activity, Anti-Fungal activity and Anti-bacterial activity by various extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol) against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria (E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) using a standard as Amoxicillin, Anti-Fungal activity (Candida Albicans, Aspergillus) using Ketoconazole and Anti-Helminthic  activity using a standard as Albendazole. The collected leaves of Rubus Ursinus were dried under shade for 10 days and then powdered into coarse particles in a mechanical grinder for further use, Extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol. Antihelmentic activity was evaluated on adult Pheritima Posthuma. Earthworms by subjecting to standard drug albendazole at a dose level of 10mg/ml and to the extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol at doses of 10mg/ml, 20mg/ml,25mg/ml 30mg/ml and 35mg/ml respectively. Anti-Fungal activity and Anti-bacterial activity was also performed against different bacteria by using disc diffusion method, the zones of inhibition of the extracts using standard as Amoxicillin and Ketoconazole  were determined. The powder leaves of Rubus Ursinus plant was subjected to extraction with four solvents petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol. High yield was obtained by methanol extracts of Rubus Ursinus plants. The qualitative test for methanol extraction was given positive tests for alkaloids, proteins & aminoacids,Tannins,Glycosides,FlavonoidsSaponins,Carbohydrates,Steroids& terpenoids and Phenolic compounds The anti-helmintic study and anti- fungal study of BlackBerry leaves was observed by using the extract of  methyl alcohol. The anti-bacterial study of various BlackBerry leaves extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol)  were found to be effective against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The leave part of plant of RUBUS URSINUS was observed for the Pharmacognostic investigation and Potent Anti-helmentic activity and significant Anti-Microbial activity. . The purified components may have even more potency with respect to inhibition of microbes.

Key Words: RUBUS URSINUS, Amoxicillin, Ketoconazole, Albendazole

ABSTRACT

To synthesize Prednisolone-succinate-dextran.βcyclodextrin and chitosan conjugate and to evaluate the potentiality of conjugates for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Prednisolone was attached to dextran, chitosan and βcyclodextrin using succinate anhydride in an anhydrous environment catalyzed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The chemical structure of conjugates was identified by IR and NMR, The Prednoisolone conjugates was obtained in two steps and the in vivo drug release behavior of conjugates was investigated after oral administration of  prodrugs suspension. The Prednisolone conjugates was stable in rat stomach and small intestine and negligibly absorbed from these tracts and easily hydrolyzed by an esterase. The results of this study indicate that Prednisolone conjugates may be useful in selectively delivering corticosteroids to the colon.

Keywords: Prednisolone succinate(pds),dextran(Dxt).βcyclodextrin(β-CyD)and chitosan(Cht), conjugate. 4-dimethylaminopyridine(DAMP), N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS)

ABSTRACT

The principle purpose of this research work was to enhance oral bioavailability of vardenafil through formulation into gastroretentive in-situ gelling system using different concentrations of sodium alginate as gelling polymer, calcium carbonate as gas providing agent and source of calcium ion necessary for ionic gelation, calcium chloride as cross linking agent and sodium citrate as fluidity maintaining agent. The prepared batches were subjected to various evaluation parameters like viscosity, pH, floating lag time and floating period, gelling capacity and drug content. All prepared batches were clear solutions with pH ranges from 6.9 to 7.9. The viscosity before gelation ranges from 54 to 480 cp and after gelation from 435 to 5321 cp. All prepared batches float after few seconds and remain buoyant for more than 12 hours. They convert into gel 1-2 second or immediately after entering 0.1N Hcl pH1.2. The drug distributed homogeneously within prepared in-situ gel with drug content fall within the range of 94.6 to 100.1%. An increase in the concentration of sodium alginate, calcium carbonate and calcium chloride retard the drug release from the prepared in-situ gel. The formulation batch F4 which showed reasonable viscosity, prolonged floating period and sustained vardenafil release was selected for further in-vivo investigation. Formulation of vardenafil into in-situ gel increased t_max and decreased c_max thus enhancing its bioavailability.

Keywords: in-situ gel, floating system, vardenafil and sodium alginate.

ABSTRACT

Cefixime Trihydrate is an antibiotic third generation cephalosporin. Cefixime Trihydrate is highly stable in the presence of β-lactamase enzymes. Cefixime Trihydrate is an effective treatment to stop the spread of several bacterial infections. Ofloxacin belongs to fluoroquinolones group of antimicrobials. Ofloxacin used to treat pneumonia and bronchitis caused by H.influenza. It is also used in treatment of skin infections caused by staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyrogens bacteria. It is mainly absorbed in stomach. Its PK_a is 2.5 and 5.45 individually; therefore it remains unionized in stomach and maximum absorption take place from stomach only. Gastroretentive Floating tablets were formulated using HPMC K100M as polymer, Citric acid and Sodium Bicarbonate as Gas generating agent, Lactose as diluent and Magnesium stearate as Lubricant. The prepared tablets were evaluated for number of parameters like Weight Variation, Hardness, Friability, Drug Content, in vitro buoyancy studies, Swelling index, % Drug release Drug release kinetic, Anti bacterial study, Stability study. The best release for Gastroretentive floating tablet was shown by F19exhibited less floating lag time, highest floating time. Also Formulation F19 was given above 96% drug release after 12hr and above 97% drug content. In FTIR, drug to polymer interaction was not found and formulation F19 was found to be stable.

Keywords: Cefixime Trihydrate, Ofloxacin, Gastro retentive floating tablets, Hydroxyl Propyl MethylCellulose.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to assess the haematological parameters in alcoholics. Hematological parameters like platelet count and white blood cell count were analysed in chronic alcoholics by manual, automation and by means of peripheral smear examination. The result revealed that there was a significant reduction in both the parameters in alcoholics.

Keywords: Alcoholics, Platelet, White blood cell

Self medication is observed as practice used to treat the diseases among the common people. The practice is used by all types of patients & for different types of diseases. So this study is designed & under taken to find out determinants responsible for self-medication. These findings will be helpful to find measures to control it. So the randomized descriptive explored questionnaire survey was performed among various stake holders of health care sector and common people.96 % of people say that self medication is responsibility of all stake holders of area. Most of the people think that pharmacists can perform important role to improve the condition. The responsible factors for self medication are like expenses, literacy, unawareness etc. 

Keywords: Self medication, Disease, Patients, Questionnaire survey, Pharmacists.

The present study was design to standardize and develop scientific data for identification and quality control of Oleo Resin of Pine. The proximate analysis and nature of Oleo Resin of Pine (ORP) was confirmed by organoleptic, physiochemical characterization and fluorescence analysis. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by qualitative chemical tests. The total chemical components were confirmed by TLC and HPTLC analysis in suitable solvent system. Identification of chemical compounds, their molecular weight and structure were detected by GC-MS and the functional groups were detected by FTIR. Thermal analysis was carried out by DSC. The organoleptic and physiochemical data showed characteristic features of ORP. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of hydroalcholic extract of ORP showed presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloid, phytosterols, terpenes, saponins and phenols. The DSC thermogram of powder of ORP showed enthalpy of transition more than zero for all the 4 endothermic peaks. The GC-MS chromatogram of ORP revealed the presence of two compounds, Longicyclene at RT 21.11 and Longifolene at RT 22.03. TLC and HPTLC fingerprinting of ORP showed separation of components in Toluene: Ethyl acetate (93:7) mobile phase at 254, 366, 550nm.The FTIR spectrogram of ORP showed the seven characteristic bands assigned to different functional groups. The observations and results of the study have provided evidence based scientific data for standardization of ORP which will serve as reference standards to establish its identity, purity and also help to minimize adulteration and substitution.

Keywords: Standardization; Oleo Resin of Pine; HPTLC; GCMS; FTIR; DSC

ABSTRACT

Liqidambar orientalis have a long standing therapeutic record in Unani System of Medicine.it is commonly known as Shilakali or Turkish sweet gum.  it is obtained from the bark of plant which is known as Mia saila.it has a wide range of pharmacological effects  like Emmenagogue, Aphrodisiac, Diuretic, Antibacterial and general tonic. Various scientific researches revealed that Liqidambar orientalis has Nematicidal activity, Cytotoxic and genotoxic activity. Methods: TLC of different extracts of Liquidambar orientalis was performed for the separation of different components and the Rf values of detected components was noted down accordingly. Results: TLC of different extracts shows various R_f values which suggests the presence of different kinds of phytochemicals which is having a therapeutic significance. Conclusion: TLC analysis along with the other analytical techniques will guarantee the purity, safety, potency and efficacy of herbal drugs.

Keywords; Liquidambar orientalis; TLC; R_f value; Scientific evaluation