ABSTRACT

Co-crystallization is an emerging approach for enhancing physicochemical properties like solubility, stability, bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs of BCS class II in pharmaceutical development without changing the chemical composition and considered better alternatives to optimize drug properties. Co-crystal is a crystalline entity consists of API and a stoichiometric amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable co-crystal former formed by intermolecular interactions like Hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and Van der Waals forces. In this article, an overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals will be presented along with the intermolecular interactions (Chemistry of Co-crystals), methods of their preparations, characterization of co-crystals altered physicochemical properties. Furthermore, this article also gives a brief explanation about newer trends in co-crystals with application of co-crystals in medicines and industries.

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis is a ubiquitous, highly contagious chronic granulamatous communicable bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species of same genera. “Rifabutin” which is useful in the management of tuberculosis. Formulated Rifabutin in the form of solid lipid nanoparticle evaluated for their efficacy ex-vivo by checking for various interactions. Thus, physiological parameters like cellular uptake, MTT cytotoxicity assay and hemolytic toxicity of rifabutin  loaded mannosylated solid lipid nanoparticles are determined and compared. The present work establishes the suitability of rifabutin loaded mannosylated solid lipid nanoparticles as a delivery system.

Keywords: Rifabutin, Tuberculosis, solid lipid nanoparticle, preformulation studies.

ABSTRACT

Mesua ferrae Linn. (Fam. Clusiaceae) is an ornamental plant which possessing high medicinal value in Indian system of medicines. it is commonly known as Nagkesara in Hindi Ceylon iron wood in English. Mesua ferrea is a large tree with hard wood also known as shade provider and radiation modifier. It is native to tropical Sri Lanka and Tripura but slowly disappearing from India. Traditionally, flowers and aromatic leaves of paint are known for their antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, blood purifier, anthelmintic, cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, antipyretic, purgative, antiasthmatic, antiallergic, antispasmodic, antineoplastic, hepatoprotective properties. The plant is a powerful antidote for snake bite. Bioguided screening of plant shows the presence flavonoids along with other compounds such as coumarins, triterpenoids, xanthines biologically active constituents. M. ferrea is an ingredient of various ayurvedic and unani formulations.

Keywords: Messua ferrea, Nagkesara, cardiotonic. antispasmodic, antineoplastic

ABSTRACT

In pharmaceutical products the presence of impurity assures the quality. It is important to identify potential source of impurities. Estimation of impurities is done by variety of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques either alone or combination with other techniques. These different methods for detecting and characterizing impurities with IR, TLC, HPLC, MASS, NMR, HPTLC etc.  

Keywords: Quinapril, Estimation, Impurities.

ABSTRACT

Our health is influenced by many factors, called the determinants of health. WHO has defined its determinants as the set of "personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations" (WHO, 1999). Conceptual models or theoretical frameworks help us to understand the complex issues that impede the determinants of health, support health planning interventions and policy development, and most importantly, understand the dimensions of health in order to act to reduce health inequalities between different population groups. This study examined diachronically different frameworks related to the determinants of health, classified them into forty-one conceptual frameworks developed by different countries, organizations and theorists and described as explanatory frameworks, and/or interactive frameworks, and/or action-oriented frameworks. Each framework is detailed according to the important elements and its field of interest. Five frameworks were selected after an in-depth analysis to agree on a comprehensive framework adapted to the Moroccan context and current political concerns and knowledge. In this perspective, our project proposes a conceptual framework of health determinants specific to the Moroccan context that is based on a holistic and intersectoral approach, which recognizes social inequalities in health, describes the role of individuals and communities, gives the importance of upstream action, and helps to improve our understanding of complex problems in the Moroccan health system.

Keywords: Rutin; Ethanol; Memory impairment; Oxidative stress; Morris water maze.

ABSTRACT

The objective of current research is to formulate and evaluate Naproxen emulgel for tropical drug delivery. Naproxen Emulgels (F1-F10) were formulated by using Carbopol 940 with 0.5% w/w and HPMC K100 with 2.5% w/w. Arachis oil containing Span 20 acts as oil phase and water containing Tween 20 constitutes aqueous phase. All the formulations tested for physical appearance, homogeneity and consistency. All the emulgels were found to be opaque, homogenous, with good consistency and no phase separation. The drug content of all formulations recorded within 98.57±0.25 to 99.60±0.22% indicating content uniformity. In vitro release studies indicate higher release rate for F4 and F9 in 5 hrs of 99.68±0.54% and 92.65±0.61% respectively. The percentage ex-vivo drug release of F4 at 6 hrs was 98.98±0.41% which is higher than market formulation (66.94±0.51 %).The release kinetics data indicate that the drug released by Fickian diffusion predominated with all formulations. Based on permeability (2.49 x 10^-3cm²/h) and enhancement ratio (2.22) F4 is considered as optimized formulation. The formulation F4 shows higher enhancement ratio than that of F9 and marketed gel, hence considered optimized formulation. Drug excipient compatibility studies by FTIR and DSC indicate no significant interaction. No significant changes observed in physicochemical properties of optimized formulation (F4) on exposure to accelerated conditions of temperature and humidity. Hence the developed Naproxen emulgel formulation was found to be stable with no skin irritations, increased absorption and drug release.

Keywords: Tropical drug delivery system, naproxen, emulgel, NSAID, arachis oil, permeability.

ABSTRACT

In the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, impurities are considered as unwanted chemicals that present in the therapeutically active pharmaceutical compounds. They are unusually potent and expected to produce toxicity; hence it may be shows unexpected pharmacological actions which are harmful to human health. The control of impurities is currently a critical issue to the pharmaceutical industry. The most possible source of impurities is the synthesis that involves various steps, i.e. from starting materials to finished products through the intermediate steps. Impurities in drug substances and drug products are key regulatory issues in the office of generic drugs and have significant impact on the approvability of drugs hence International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines introduce the identification and qualification procedures for them, by using various analytical techniques like TLC, LC, GC, MS, NMR, IR, UV, GC-MS, LC-MS, LC-NMR etc,.

Keywords: Impurities, importance.

ABSTRACT

The aimed to formulate and evaluate herbal shampoo because synthetic may causes the adverse effect on hair and scalp. The herbal shampoo was formulated by extracting murraya koenigi, sapindusmukorossias foaming agent, also addition of preservative agent. Citric acid used as viscosity modifier and pH adjusting agent and glycerin used as conditioning agent. HPMC(hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose) used as thickening agent. The formulation at laboratory scale was done and evaluated for number of parameters such as pH, foam formation, viscosity, conditioning and wet ability were evaluated, and also to ensure its safety and efficacy

Keywords: Beta –carotene,preservatives, surfactants, viscosity.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work is to develop modified drug release by using Pulsin Cap technique with Diltiazem as model drug. From the above experimental results, it can be concluded that, Formulated granules gave satisfactory results for various micromeritic properties, dissolution and drug content. Formulated Pulsin Cap gave satisfactory results for various physicochemical parameters like weight variation. HPMC, Ethyl cellulose has predominant effect on the lag time, while also shows significant effect on drug release. Diltiazem Pulsin Cap shows a delayed release pattern. Among all the Diltiazem granules formulations F5 was selected based on drug release within a given period of time. In-vitro release rate studies showed that the PF5 was optimized based on less amount of drug release during lag time. Formulations PF5 found to be stable at 40^o C and 75% RH for a period of 3 months. FT-IR studies revealed that there was no interaction between Diltiazem and the polymers.

Keywords:

ABSTRACT

Researches done on the use of statins during the last two decades have shown conflicting results in their effects on DM, Cardiac, liver and Kidney functions. Six forms of statins are being prescribed as a preventive measure to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; but statin use have also shown alternations in DM, liver and Kidney function. The latest observations relates to cancer prevention/induction. Statins prescriptions are done mostly for elderly patients in order to reduce lipid profile mostly Total cholesterol and LDL levels. Studies have shown that statins use affects muscular function, induce prediabetes, and alter liver enzymes and affects mitochondrial functions. They may also interact with other medications. Some merits shown in the use of statins include prevention of MCI and strokes. Among the statins used, atorvastatin was found to be very beneficial with minimal side effects with greater beneficial function in maintaining other organ functions. This review article highlights the research findings on the use of statins and its merits and demerits during the last two decades. More clinical trials with large population are required to establish the type of statins to be required for each type of patients and clinical conditions.

Keywords: CVD, CHD, Statins, DM, MCI, AES.

ABSTRACT

The solubility and bioavailability of a drug is very important while preparing a formulation. BCS class-II drugs like clopidogrel have the problem of poor bioavailability because of less solubility.so many novel techniques were available to improve the solubility aspects of drug among which solid lipid nanoparticles is a promising approach.in the current study attempts were made to formulate and evaluate clopidogrel loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by employing cutina as lipid and lecithin soya and PEG-400 and TWEEN-80 were used as surfactant systems. Different formulations were prepared and analyzed for drug content, entrapment efficiency, drug release studies. The selected formulations were analyzed with stability studies at two different conditions which is, room temperature and refrigerated conditions.

Keywords: Clopidogrel, solid lipid nanoparticles, Cutina, PEG-400, TWEEN-80, lecithin soya, drug release studies.

ABSTRACT

The solubility and bioavailability of a drug is very important while preparing a formulation.BCS class-II drugs like clopidogrel have the problem of poor bioavailability because of less solubility. So many novel techniques were available to improve the solubility aspects of drug among which solid lipid nanoparticles is a promising approach. In the current study attempts were made to formulate and evaluate clopidogrel loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by employing cutina as lipid and lecithin soya and PEG-400 and TWEEN-80 were used as surfactant systems. Different formulations were prepared and analyzed for drug content, entrapment efficiency, drug release studies. The selected formulations were analyzed with stability studies at two different conditions which is, room temperature and refrigerated conditions.

Keywords: Clopidogrel, Cutina, drug release studies, PEG-400, TWEEN-80, lecithin soya, solid lipid nanoparticles.

ABSTRACT

Nanoparticles are submicron nano sized particles having the size range of about 1-100nm range. Because of their sub-microscopic size, they have unique material characteristics, and manufactured nanoparticles may find practical applications in a variety of areas, including medicine, engineering, catalysis, and environmental remediation. Escitalopram (ETP), an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), and s-enantiomer of citalopram is exclusively used as an antidepressant. The drug shows extensive hepatic metabolism, reduced drug efficacy and potential side effects, which reduces its therapeutic index. So, the present study is focused on increasing the solubility and thus the bioavailability. The nanoparticles were prepared by using hot homogenization method by using Cutina as lipid, soya lecithin as lipophilic surfactant and PEG as hydrophilic surfactant. The prepared solid lipid Nanoparticles were evaluated for Drug content, entrapment efficiency and dissolution studies and stability studies and found that the Drug content ( 90.7%), Entrapment efficiency (  86.1 %) and Drug release of  ( 82.4%), Particle size( 796nm) and Zeta potential ( -29.4mV)

Keywords: Escitalopram, Hot Homogenization method, Solid lipid Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT

BioMEM’s are the biologically oriented MicroElectro Mechanical systems which are currently giving good market in the medical field and also attracting many researches for its development. These devices are defined as “devices or systems, constructed using techniques inspired from micro scale and nanoscale fabrication that are mainly for processing, delivery, analysis of biological and chemical entities. These BioMEM’s are having advantages over disadvantages. BioMEM’s are capable of analyzing biochemical liquid sample like solution of metabolites, macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acid cells and viruses. And there is currently  a large amount of BioMems work in the arena of drug delivery systems using micro fabrication technique. BioMems are under research in the field of drug delivery which helps in the future for the many dreadful diseases.  This review mainly gives an information about the different applications of BioMEM’s in the medical field.

Keywords: BioMEM’s, Drug delivery System

ABSTRACT

Hospital-acquired infection is a serious problem in the ICU. Infection in ICU is associated with increased mortality, morbidity and carries a substantial economic burden. This study was carried out to explore the current situation regarding the prevalence of ICU acquired infections, along with the distribution of different types of infection in different governmental hospitals in Khartoum state. This is a prospective observational cross-sectional ICU-based study. The study was conducted in intensive care units of nine governmental hospitals in Khartoum state, during the period from August 2016 to March 2017. 1230 patients were enrolled in the study. Data collected using a predesigned data collection sheet. Then data were analysed using SPSS version 21. The majority (54%) of the patient population fell in age above 46 years. Males outnumbered females. 652 (53%) patients have developed an infection during ICU stay, at least two days after ICU admission. Considering the types of infection, it was found that 222 (34.04%) of them had pneumonia, 187 (28.68 %) had urinary tract infection, 121 (18.56%) of them had bloodstream infections, 101 (15.49%) had surgical site infection, 11 (1.69%) of them had gastroenteritis, 6 (0.92%) had skin, 3 (0.46%) of them had nose infections, and only 1 (0.15%) had an ear infection. More than one-half of patients were infected during their ICU stay. Pneumonia was the most common type of infection, followed by urinary tract infections. Various infection control measures should be implemented to minimize the prevalence of infections.

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed at identifying the CLINICO-EPIDEMOLOGICAL study of underlying HIV–TB coinfection. A retrospective review of patient records was done from the antiretroviral therapy center (ART) at a government hospital in southern India between June 2018 and April 2019. Secondary data of 10155 patients on ART as well as pre-ART were collected between January 2009 and December 2018 and were analyzed. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used with SPSS version 15.0 The prevalence of HIV-TB coinfection 0.13% among the sample was taken. HIV–TB coinfection was increased in trend of population from 1.41% in 2009 to 45.3% in 2018 until when the data were included in this study. The proportion of HIV infection among those registering at this particular ART center decreased from 18.7% in 2009 to 6.44% in 2018. The prevalence of HIV infection and HIV-TB coinfection higher in males (3.73% & 33.3%) than females (3.20% & 12.05%) respectively among those registering at this particular ART center. The fatality rate of HIV infection was decreased from 23.4% in 2009 to 2.33% in 2018. The CD₄ count (200 cells/µl) lower in co-infected patients than HIV infected patients. The increasing trend of HIV–TB cases observed in this population from 1.41% in 2009 to 45.3% in December 2018. Creating grass root level awareness coupled with aggressive case finding in suspected high-risk population may be key in preventing and early detection of the dual infections.

Keywords: ART, CD4, prevalence, HIV–TB, coinfection.

Candesartan cilexetil is a prodrug of candesartan – a compound that inhibits binding of angiotensin II to the AT₁ – receptor.  It is mainly used in the treatment of hypertension. In the present work attempts were mase to prepare fast dissolving tablets of candesartan cilexetil by sublimation technique. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pre-compressional and post-compressional parameters. The compatibility of drug with other ingredients was checked by FTIR studies, these results revealed that there was no interaction between dug and other excipients. The values of pre-compressional parameters were within prescribed limits and indicated good free flowing properties. In all the formulations the hardness test indicates good mechanical strength. Friability of all formulations was less than 1. Drug content was found to be high (≥ 100.27%) and uniform in all the formulations. The tablet thickness was found to be 3.14 – 3.47. The weight variation results revealed that average percentage deviation was less then ± 7.5 %, which provides good uniformity in all formulations. The disintegration time of the tablets decreased significantly with increase in the concentration of subliming agent. The formulations CSC₃, CSM₃, CSA₃, and CSU₃ 50 % of drug released in 1.38, 2.55, 4.00 and 3.57 min, and 90 % of drug released in 3.39, 6.04, 7.50 and 7.18 min. The formulation CS (control) released 42.16 % in 60 min. Stability study carried out as per ICH guidelines for three months and results revealed that upon storage disintegration time of tablets decreased significantly (p<0.05). The results concluded that by adopting a systemic formulation approach, an optimum point could be reached in the shortest time with minimum efforts. Sublimation technique would be an effective alternative approach compared with the use of more expensive adjuvants in the formulations of fast dissolving tablets.

ABSTRACT

A muscle spasm, or muscle cramp, is an involuntary contraction of a muscle. Muscle spasms occur suddenly, usually resolve quickly, and are often painful. The use of NSAIDs has been routine in the management of muscle spasm. Although effective at reducing pain and inflammation. NSAIDs may not be appropriate to use frequently or longer time due to their known side effects. Natural agents like camphor and menthol are having analgesic activity as well as each active individual ingredient has its own medicinal value. For greater and effective results we are using combination of camphor and menthol. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic ointments were prepared by taking 25mg, 50mg and 100mg of each agent as combination of camphor-menthol. All the prepared formulations were evaluated for pH, spreadability and diffusion studies. The selected formulations were evaluated for In-vivo studies in comparison with marketed preparations. The finalized preparation was kept for stability studies according to ICH guidelines.

Keywords: ICH guidelines, Natural Agents

ABSTRACT

Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate was determined it has anti-viral activity in case of hepatitis A, B, C, D. We have developed matrix tablet contained monoammonium glycyrrhizinate by previous study. The objective of the study was to evaluate drug release of matrix tablet in vivo  and determinate its stability. In the present study was evaluated in vivo drug release of the matrix tablet. Stability testing was determinated by long term and accelerated method by such criteria’s: appearance, weight variation, biological active compound, hardness, friability, dissolution and microbiological contamination. The C_max (µg/ml), T_max (h), AUC_0-t (µg h/ml) of Glycyron tablet and Licozinat matrix tablet were determined in vivo. Stability of the matrix tablet was determined. Licozinat matrix tablet was released drug by prolonged time by in vitro. In vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits confirmed the prolonged release by showing increase in bioavailability for matrix tablet compared to Glycyron tablet. Licozinat matrix tablet was stable for 12 months. Stability testing of matrix tablet is continuing by long term method.

Keywords: Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, matrix tablet, in vivo drug release, stability

ABSTRACT

Improvement of patient’s compliance has always a challenge towards the development of oral drug delivery system. Different dosage forms are available in the market among all oral dosage form is preferred one. However, the incompliance of pediatric & geriatric patients the scientists worked towards fast dissolving solid dosage form to encounter existing drawbacks with unique palatability and rapid disintegration. The concept of fast dissolving tablet came into existence in late 1970s. Recently, fast dissolving drug delivery systems have started gaining popularity and acceptance as new drug delivery system, because they are easy to administer and lead to better patient compliance. For further improvement in existing technologies and newer technologies has been succeeded and still research is going on in improvement with its preparation methodologies all over the globe. Fast dissolution tablets have faster disintegration and dissolution rate and release within 30 seconds as they come in contact with saliva. These systems also obviate the requirement of carry water during drug administration. As fast dissolving tablets falls under desired expectation of safer, convenient and economical solid dosage forms, several techniques have been developed to improve disintegration quality in the recent past years. This article mainly focuses on patented technologies with recent advancement made so far in the field of the fast dissolving tablets.

Keywords: Fast dissolving tablets, Patent, Technologies