ABSTRACT

The conventional dosage forms have the disadvantages like frequent administration, poor bioavailability, unpredictable doses etc. To overcome the problems of the conventional dosage forms, newer research in drug delivery systems directed towards a amalgamation of several technologies, leads to the development of in-situ oral gels, which extend the contact time and slows down the removal of the drug. To improve the bioavailability and to prevent rapid loss of drug, the drug can be formulated as oral in-situ gel using stimuli sensitive polymers. Gel dosage forms are successfully used as drug delivery systems to control drug release and protect the medicaments from a hostile environment. This review work gives information about oral diseases, in situ gel, approaches and polymers used for in situ gelation.

Keywords: In situ gel, sustained release, oral diseases.

ABSTRACT

Autophagy is an intracellular   has demonstrated that autophagy plays a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles, which are sometimes complex. Autophagy consists of several sequential steps sequestration, transport to lysosomes, degradation, and utilization of degradation products and each step may exert different function. In this review, the process of autophagy is summarized, and the role of autophagy is discussed in various diseases like Cancer, Neurodegenerative disease etc. 

Keywords: Autophagy, Lysosomes, Degradation

ABSTRACT

In the pharmaceutical industry an impurity is considered, defined the any other organic material besides the drug substance or pharmaceutical ingredients.  The impurity may be formed during the formulation or upon aging of two APIs in medicines. The highly sophisticated instrumentation, such as mass spectra meters attached to the gas chromatography or HPLC in various matrices. GC is the most useful technique for identification of residual solvent. The advent of hyphenated technique has revolution any impurity profiling, by not only separation but structural identification of impurities as well among all techniques. The most exploited techniques for impurities profiling of drug are LC-MS-MS, LC-NMR, LC-NMR-MS, GC-MS AND LC-MS.

Keywords Impurity, Chromatography, Hyphenated technique, Regulatory bodies

ABSTRACT

Prostatitis is the inflammation of the prostate gland can be due to an infection as well as other various causes. Prostatitis is a common condition, with 35- 50 % of men affected with symptoms associated with Prostitis during their lifetime. Prostatitis can be caused by bacteria that leak into the prostate gland from the urinary tract. It can also caused by sexually transmitted organism such as Neisseriagonorrhoeae Chlamydiatrachomatis, HIV, Escherichia coli. According to National Institute Of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptoms (NIH-CPSI) Prostatitis is of three types, Acute bacterial prostatitis, Chronic bacterial prostatitis, Chronic prostatitis /chronic pelvic pain syndrome, A symptomatic inflammation prostatitis .Chronic prostatitis /chronic pelvic pain syndrome is the common condition and most cases of prostatitis fall into this category. Traditionally, Chronic prostatitis /chronic pelvis pain syndrome in men was believed to be related to inflammation (usually secondary to infection) localized to the prostate [1]. Management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome consisted of antibiotics and anti inflammatory and, later ?-blockers and 5 -reductase inhibitors.?-Blockers, antibiotics and combination of these therapies provide greatest improvement in treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvis pain syndrome. Chronic prostatitis is not a single condition, but a term that is loosely used to describe a group of conditions causing genito –pelvic pain and urinary dysfunction in adult men [10].Both chronic prostatitis and the chronic pelvis pain syndrome is associated with abnormalities in semen and infertility and also result in the reduction in the quality of the life. Prostatitis tissues are best penetrated by drugs with a high pKa and high lipid solubility, such as quinolones ,macrolides ,tetracyclines and sulfa drugs [3]. Antibiotic therapy is recommended for acute exacerbation of chronic prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic inflammatory prostatitis, if there is clinical, bacteriological or supporting immunological evidence of prostate infection[9]. Antibiotics treatment should be stopped if there is no improvement in symptoms. Many patients  with category III prostatitis will improve with antibiotic therapy.

Keywords: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, management, antibiotics therapy

ABSTRACT

Hydrogel product constitute a group of polymeric material, the hydrophilic structure of which render them capable of holding large amount of water in their three dimensional networks. Due to their high water content, porosity and soft consistency, they closely simulate natural living tissue, more so than any other class of synthetic biomaterials. Furthermore, hydrogels can be formulated in a variety of physical forms, including slabs, microparticles, nanoparticles, coatings, and films. As a result, hydrogels are commonly used in clinical practice and medicine for a wide range of applications, including Tissue engineering and Regenerative medicine, Diagnostics, Cellular immobilization, separation of biomolecules or cells, and barrier materials to regulate biological adhesions. This biomaterial can hold large amount of biological fluids and swell. When swell, they are soft and rubbery and resemble the living tissue exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. The prime objective of this article is to concern the classification of hydrogel on different bases, properties of hydrogel and its method of preparation and physical and chemical characteristics of these products.

Keywords: Hydrogel Properties, Method of Preparation, Applications, Current research on hydrogels.

ABSTRACT

Unani system of medicine approach to the prevention and treatment of the lifestyle and non communicable diseases is aimed at avoiding the accumulation of fasad mada (toxins) through maintaining of asbab e sitta zarooriya (six essential factors). This review was designed with the objectives to translate and compile ancient Unani literature on lifestyle disorders from classical text, to interpret Unani concept of lifestyle disorders and find proper management for lifestyle disorders through Unani system of medicine. The review was carried out from Arabic and Urdu classical texts of Unani medicine and published articles from reputed journals. In various Unani classical texts it have been stated that chronic disorders, which can also be termed as lifestyle disorders, are the conditions which arise from poor management of the asbab e sitta zarooriya (six essential factors) over an extended period. This invariably results in an accumulation of fasad mada (toxins) which is beyond the ability of physics or tabiat to deal with. Unani recognises the importance of identifying a person’s risk factors like saman e mufrat (obesity) and interpreting the illness on the basis of the temperamental as well as humoral theory. This allows a targeted approach to deal with the humoral or structural imbalance associated with chronic lifestyle disorders such as Ziabetas shakari (type 2 diabetes mellitus) and Zaghtuddum qavi (hypertension). The matter or madda which is accumulated inside the heart or in the pericardium is mostly fasad rutoobat (morbid fluid) in nature. Excessive accumulation of morbid matter in the pericardium exerts pressure on the heart and prevents proper inbasat (relaxation) and thereby destructing the rooh (vital spirit) which leads to death. Lifestyle modification with asbab e sitta zarooriya (six essential factors) and non essential factors (asbab e ghair zarooriya) provide the ability of physis or tabiat to preserve and restore health.

Keywords: Asbab e sitta zarooriya, Lifestyle disorders, Unani medicine, Fasad mada

ABSTRACT

Experimentally determined values of density ( ?), viscosity (?) and ultrasonic velocity   (u) have been measured for the binary liquid mixture toluene and 1,2 dichloroethane at 313.15K. From these data the thermodynamic parameters such as isentropic compressibility (bs), intermolecular interaction (Lf), available volume (Va), molar volume (Vm) , nissan’s parameter (d) and their excess values have been computed using the standard relations. The results are explained in terms of the existence of intermolecular interaction between the components in the binary liquid mixture.

Keywords:  Binary mixture, ultrasonic velocity, excess values, acoustic properties.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present research is anti diabetic activity of polyherbal formulation comparing with individual plant extractions. The anti diabetic activity of a polyherbal formulation was evaluated in using Alloxan ?- cytotoxin induced chemical diabetes in a wide variety of wister rats. Methanolic extract of the poly herbal formulation, prepared from powder of plants Fruits of Momordica charantia, stem and root of Tinospora cordifolia , aerial parts of Andrographis peniculeta and wood of Pterocarpus marsupium and leaves of Gymnema sylvestre  was subjected to phytochemical test and pharmacological screening of Anti diabetic activity at a dose level 400mg/kg. The PHME (400mg/kg) treated diabetic rats show mean (±SEM) fasting serum glucose of 253.11±3.41mg/dl on day 0 which was reduced to 161.43±3.55mg/dl on day 7, 107.45±4.52mg/dl on day 14  . These changes in fasting serum glucose illustrate that the diabetic rats treated with PHME (400mg/kg) show a progressive and significant (p?0.05) reduction in fasting serum glucose during the treatment period in comparison to diabetic group of rats. It was concluded that individual extraction shows the activities but in combination of plants it shows synergistic effect so poly herbal extraction is useful more when compared with given in individual plants.

Keywords: Momordica charantia, Tinospora cordfolia, Andrographis peniculeta Pterocarpus marsupium, Gymnema sylvestre

ABSTRACT

Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid) isolated from the aerial parts of Cansjera rheedii J.Gmelin (Opiliaceae) has been tested for its antimicrobial activity The antimicrobial activity have been studied with ferulic acid  against Stapylococcus aureus, Bacillus substilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonilla paratyphi, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigates which gave significant results of activity against Ciprofloxacin & Clotrimazole as standards. 

Keywords: Cansjera rheedii, Anti-microbial activity, Ferulic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid, Ciprofloxacin, Clotrimazole

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to improve the solubility of aceclofenac, which is poorly water soluble drug belongs to BCS class-II. Aceclofenac appears to be particularly well tolerated among the NSAIDs, with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects. For poorly soluble orally administered drugs, the rate of absorption is often controlled by the rate of dissolution. To improve the solubility of drug by solid dispersions were prepared with different methods like physical mixture, kneading method and solvent evaporation method with various carriers like poloxamer188, poloxamer407 and PEG 6000 in different ratios from 1:1 to 1:5. The prepared formulations were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), in-vitro dissolution studies and saturation solubility. Based on the evaluation parameters poloxamer407 in ratio of 1:5 through solvent evaporation method was optimized and formulated into tablets by direct compression method. These tablets showed a higher in-vitro dissolution drug release which is 99.62% in 30 minutes when compared with pure drug which showed 26.62% in 60 minutes, whereas marketed tablet (Hifenac) shows 99.64±0.10% in 40 minutes. Hence it was concluded that solid dispersion of aceclofenac drug by using polaxamer 407 with solvent evaporation method enhances solubility, absorption rate and increase bioavailability of the aceclofenac drug.

Keywords: NSAIDs, Poloxamer188, Polaxamer 407, PEG 6000, Solid dispersion.

ABSTRACT

A new simple, accurate, precise and selective stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for estimation of Orlistat Tablet.T he mobile phase selected was Toluene: Methanol(8:2v/v) with UV detection at 211nm.The retention factor for Orlistat was found to be 0.60±0.02. The method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness as per the ICH guidelines. The drug were subjected to stress condition of hydrolysis (acid, base), oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. Results found to be linear in concentration range of 6000-36000 ng/band. The thermal method has been successfully applied for the analysis of drug in pharmaceutical formulation. The % assay (Mean ± S.D) was found to be 99.30±1.10.The developed method can be used for checking the stability of  Orlistst in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Keywords: Forced degradation, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), Orlistat, stability-indicating method, Validation, High performance thin Liquid chromatography- Mass spectrometry(HPTLC-MS), Degraded products(DP).

ABSTRACT

This prospective interventional in-vitro study was aimed at evaluating the effect of pre-processing treatment of ridge-lap surfaces of acrylic teeth, on the strength of the bond between the teeth and the denture base resin. Three test groups included application of mono-methylmethacrylate, air-abrasion with 110-µm aluminium oxide particles and combination of the two methods. A total of 40 tooth-acrylic resin samples were equally divided into four groups (three test groups and one control group) and shear load testing was carried out in the Universal testing machine. Tukey post-hoc analysis revealed that Group IV had significantly higher mean compressive strength than Group I (*p<0.05). No significant differences were present in any of the group comparisons. There was a significant effect produced on the shear bond strength of the interface only when both MMA application and air-abrasion of the ridge-lap surfaces was carried out. Fracture analysis revealed that most of the specimens showed cohesive failure at the interface with adhesive failure restricted to control group exclusively. Despite reported progress in the development of denture base resins and artificial tooth materials, the bond between acrylic denture teeth and denture base materials remains unreliable, inconsistent and unpredictable. Adhesive bond strength between denture base resin and artificial teeth constitutes one of the most important considerations in the technical procedure related to the fabrication of removable dentures.

Keywords: Prospective, interventional, in-vitro study, denture base resin, denture tooth, shear bond strength, mono-methylmethacrylate resin, air-abrasion, universal testing machine. 

ABSTRACT

The main goal is to identify suitable to their Anti-hypertensive activity with reference (Clonidine Standard drug). Pubchem webserver, Chemsketch, Padel descriptor, Protein data bank (PDB), Autodocktools, E-dragon webserver. To generate the Scaffold molecule. To calculate different parameters of test sample with its biological activity. To fit the final series of compound with particular target. To predict ADMET of final series of compound. After substitution R₁ & R₂ of test sample we have found that the value of different descriptors of QSARs is nearby equal to standard drug of clonidine. All the descriptors are (QSARs parameters) of Scaffold molecule H₁ was satisfactorily explained (R² = Approximately 0.99) with the graphical plot of Hansch analysis. This compound had very poor blood brain barrier crossing label, good absorption, no hepatotoxicity, no mutagenecity. Beside this compound was non-carconogenic after in-silico predictions of ADMET. 

Keywords: Hypertension, Treatment, QSARs Study, Material & Methodology, Result & Discussion, ADMET Predictions.

ABSTRACT

The objective the present work was to investigate anti ulcer potentials of methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila. The aerial parts of Tephrosia pumila were dried under shade, powdered and deffated with petroleum ether and then marc left over was subjected to methanol extraction using soxhlet apparatus using soxhlet apparatus. Antiulcer activity of methanol extract was determined against stress induced and aspirin induced ulcers in experimental animal models. The total number of ulcers formed, ulcer index, percentage inhibition, ulcerated area, protected area, pH and Total acidity were parameters in the study. In present study, methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila have significantly reduced the total number of ulcers formed, ulcer index, ulcerated area and total acidity in therapeutic groups compare to vehicle control and there by significantly increased percentage inhibition of ulcers and protected area which was evident by significant rise in pH of gastric content. The effect of extracts was dose dependent and results were comparable to that of standard drug omeprazole. The results of the present work suggest that the methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila possess significant anti-ulcer potentials against experimentally induced ulcers in albino rats.  

Keywords: Tephrosia pumila, Anti ulcer activity, Ethanol, Aspirin Ulcer index, pH, total acidity, Percentage inhibition and percentage of protected area.

ABSTRACT

Healing of wounds, whether from accidental injury or surgical intervention, involves the activity of an intricate network of blood cells, tissue types, cytokines, and growth factors. This results in increased cellular activity, which causes an intensified metabolic demand for nutrients and active drug therapy. There are various Phyto-active compounds which required for wound repair may improve healing time and wound outcome. Hydrogel is a cross-linked polymer matrix which has the potential to absorb and hold water in its network structure. Hydrogels act as a moist wound dressing medium and have the ability to absorb and retain the wound exudates along with the foreign bodies, such as bacteria, within its network structure. In addition to this, hydrogels have been found to encourage fibroblast proliferation by minimized the fluid loss from the wound surface and protect the wound from external harm necessary for rapid wound healing. Annona squamosa (Annonaceae). The Indian custard apple known to promotes wound healing as the leaves of the A.squamosa contain tannins and Vitamin C which promotes wound healing, anti-inflammatory and insecticidal activity. For evaluation of wound healing potential of hydrogel formulations various parameters like wound contraction & tensile strength were assayed. The result represents the reduction of wound area of the different groups over the period of 4^th, 8^th, 12^th, 16^th days. It had been seen that wound healing took place in case of animals treated with H2 and H3 formulations. The % wound contractions were found to be 82.9% and 80.3%, respectively at 20^th day. The period of epithelization was 20 days for both the formulations. The drug content of the H2 (0. 25%w/w) was less than H3 (0.50%w/w), therefore H2 formulation was considered as best formulation. The tensile strength was also found to be best in H2 formulation as compared with standard.

ABSTRACT

Mosquitoes are a major vector for diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever. Mosquito repellents today contain many synthetic chemicals, such as DEET, picardin, and permethrin. To safely repel mosquitoes, less effective alternatives made from essential oils have been used. To try to increase the effectiveness of the essential oil repellents, tests were conducted to find out if the essential oils have increased effectiveness when used in conjunction to each other. It was hypothesized that the essential oil mixture containing lemon eucalyptus and rosemary would make the most effective mosquito repellent. To test the hypothesis, a custom-made mosquito testing chamber with an aquarium warmer was used. A sugar based attractor and the prospective repellent solution were placed on a piece of cloth, which was tied to the aquarium warmer. The aquarium warmer was then placed into the testing chamber, where the mosquitoes resided. The effectiveness of the mosquito repellent was determined by the number of landings on the aquarium warmer over time. The results showed that the mosquito repellent made from Bael and eucalyptus was the most effective mosquito repellent.

Keywords : Herbal Mosquito repellent ,Rosemarry oil, bael oil

ABSTRACT

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as any abnormality in kidney structure or function present for three months or longer, with implication for health. Anemia, which affects most patients with CKD, is caused by a decreased production of erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow and is released in response to hypoxia. A 68 years old female came with complaints of generalized tiredness, left side chest pain during inspiration, pedal oedema and breathing difficulty .Her past medication history include CKD, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, recurrent UTI, gastritis. A diagnosis of CKD-end stage renal disease associated with anemia was made following the review of her clinical examination and laboratory findings. She was subsequently managed for anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin and intravenous iron , monitored, and expected result was not found. In this study we conclude that the patient is resistant to erythropoietin so packed RBC is given for the management.

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Anemia, human erythropoietin, packed RBC

ABSTRACT

A simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, precise spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Tamsulosin in the presence of Dutasteride  in pharmaceutical formulations. During the course of study, it is observed that acidic solution of the drug formed colored ion-association complexes with Bromo Thymol Blue (BTB) which is soluble in methanol. This property of the drug was followed for the development of spectrophotometric method for analysis of drug. The complex of Tamsulosin in the presence of Dutasteride with Bromo Thymol Blue showed ?_max at 430 nm. The linearity range for Tamsulosin in the presence of Dutasteride was 10 µg/ml to 250 µg/ml. Recovery studies gave satisfactory results indicating that none of common additives and excipients interfere the assay method. The molar absorptivity and the sandell sensitivity of the method are found to be 6.6123×10⁴ lit/mole/cm and 0.0067 µg/ml/cm² respectively. 

Keywords: Spectrophotometry, Tamsulosin, Dutasteride, Ion-pair complex, Bromo Thymol Blue, Pharmaceutical formulations.

ABSTRACT

A rapid liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for the measurement of loratadine level in human plasma was developed and validated. One ml plasma samples containing loratadine and 0.18 µg of metoclopramide as (internal standard, IS) were extracted with 5 ml tert-butyl methyl ether and reconstituted with 80 µl of acetonitrile. Analysis was performed using a reversed phase Atlantis dC₁₈ column and a mobile phase consisting of 0.4% formic acid and acetonitrile (20:80, v:v) and delivered at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. The eluents were monitored using electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode with transition mass to charge ratio (m/z) at 383.4→337.2 and 299.8→226.9 for loratadine and IS, respectively. The retention times of the IS and loratadine were around 1.53 and 2.33 min, respectively. Mean matrix effect was measured as -11.4% for loratadine and -14.4% for the IS. Detection limit of loratadine in plasma was 0.3 ng/ml. The relationship between loratadine concentration in plasma and the peak area ratio of loratadine / IS was linear (R² ³ 0.9945) in the range of 0.5–100 ng/ml, and the intra- and inter-day coefficient of variations (CV) were ≤ 11.3%. Mean extraction recoveries for loratadine and the IS were 87% and 91% respectively, whereas accuracy (relative recovery) ranged from 99% to 111% quality control samples and from 93% to 105%  using back- calculated concentrations. The method was applied to assess the stability of loratadine under various conditions generally encountered in the clinical laboratory. Stability for processed samples (24 hours at room temperature, 48 hours -20 ºC) and unprocessed samples (24 hours at room temperature, 12 weeks -20 ºC) was ≥ 94%.

Key words: Loratadine, Metoclopramide, Human plasma, HPLC

ABSTRACT

The present study deals with application of melt granulation technology to develop sustained release formulation of aceclofenac with lipidic excipients (Compritol 888 ATO). This approach is concerned with the use of minimum number of excipients to reduce the tablet weight and increase the compatibility of the drug. The continuous melt granulation/extrusion was done by optimizing the formulation as well as processing parameter such as drug loading, operating temperature, screw speed and feed rate during the process. The FTIR study revealed that there is no chemical interaction exists in between the drug and lipidic excipients while DSC and XRD studies exhibited crystalline state of the drug after melt granulation. The scanning electron microscopic examination of melt extrudates revealed the agglomerated particles with porous network and rough surface. The developed tablet (80% drug loading) has weight of  250 mg (mini tablet) containing 200mg of aceclofenac and it showed sustained release profile upto 24h.

Keywords: Aceclofenac, Melt granulation, extrudates, drug release.

ABSTRACT

This pilot study aims to assess the prescribing pattern of beta lactam antibiotics in paediatric subjects. Informed consent as per ICMR guidelines were obtained from caretakers of pediatric subjects. Case records were analyzed to identify the prescribing pattern of antibiotics. Required data were collected using a suitably designed proforma. 30 subjects with a mean age 6.5±1.35 years were involved in the study. 66.67% of the subjects belongs to male respondents and 33.33% belongs to female population. 56.67% of the subjects were involved in the age category of 2 to 5 years and 6.67% of subjects belongs to age category in between 10 to 12 years. 76.67% of pediatric subjects have a diagnosis of respiratory tract infection. No cases of CNS disorders were reported. 43.33% of Ceftizoxime, 23.33% of Cefotaxime, 13.34% of Amoxicillin+ Clavulanic acid, 10% Cefuroxime, 6.67% Ceftriaxone and 3.33% of Cefaperazone+ Tazobactum were prescribed for these pediatric subjects for various infectious states. Use of antibiotics in pediatric subjects requires great care considering the increased incidence of antibiotic resistance. From this pilot study beta lactam antibiotics were found to be prescribed commonly due to its safety and efficacy in pediatric subjects.

Keywords: Antibiotics, Pediatrics, beta lactam, prescription pattern

ABSTRACT

Methanolic, Chloroform and Benzene  extract of the leaves of  Malachra Capitata was screened for its phytochemical and antibacterial properties on E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes at varying concentrations. The Agar gel diffusion method was used to assay for the antibacterial properties on the test isolate. The results showed that the methanolic  extracts at different concentrations inhibited the growth of E. coli and L monocytogenes. The concentration of 50mg/ml inhibited the isolate with highest diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 1mm to 11mm. The extracts inhibited the growth of the bacterial isolate in a concentration dependent manner with MICs 10mg/ml. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extracts revealed the presence of antimicrobial active agents such as alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids and saponin. These established a good support to the use of this plant in herbal medicine and as base for the development of new drugs and phytomedicine.

keywords: Malachra Capitata, Phytochemistry, E.coli, Antibacterial Activity.