ABSTRACT

Cubosomes are square and adjusted particles with inner cubic cross section. Cubosomes are thermodynamically steady and comprise of honeycombed (enormous) structures isolating two inward watery channels and a huge interfacial region. Cubosomes are nanoparticles which are self gathered fluid translucent particles of specific surfactants with appropriate proportion of water with microstructure that gives extraordinary properties of commonsense interest. Bicontinuous cubic fluid glasslike stage is optically clear and extremely thick material has the special design at nanometer scale. The word bicontinuous alludes to the division of the two ceaseless however non-meeting fluid areas by lipid bilayer that is wound into space filling structure. Hydrating a surfactant or polar lipid that structures cubic stage and afterward scattering a strong like stage into more modest particles generally shapes a Cubosomes. Self-gathered Cubosomes as dynamic medication conveyance frameworks are getting increasingly more consideration and interest after the primary revelation and assignment. They show different inward cubic design and creation with various medication stacking modalities. It has high inward surface region and cubic translucent designs, somewhat basic planning strategy, biodegradability of lipids, the capacity of typifying hydrophobic, hydrophilic and amphiphilic substances, focusing on and controlled arrival of bioactive specialists. Cubosomes are having wide scope of uses in different fields and they can be described by different assessment boundaries. Along these lines, Cubosomes are acquiring consideration in drug field.

Keywords: Cubosomes, Liquid crystal, drug-loading, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study is to improve the physicochemical stability, swelling and drug release pattern of the polymers in biological condition by Hybridization. In this study, interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of acrylamide grafted ghatti gum (Am-g-GG) and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) was developed by emulsion crosslinking method. Glutaraldehyde was used as the crosslinking agent. Experiments were performed according to a 2³ factorial design to evaluate the effects of GG:PVA ratio, Glutaraldehyde and drug loading percentage on the percent Drug entrapment efficiency, percentage of Swelling at pH 1.2 & pH 6.8 and percentage Cumulative drug release. The effect of the three independent variables on the response variables was studied by response surface plots and contour plots generated by the Design-Expert software. The desirability function was used to optimize the response variables. The compatibility between Miglitol and the excipients was confirmed by differential FTIR spectroscopy analysis. The prepared IPN microspheres showed well controlled release characteristics and continued to drug release following a diffusion-controlled release pattern. The drug release was for a prolonged time without collapsing the IPN matrix. The observed responses taken were in good agreement with the experimental values. Thus, Miglitol IPN microspheres were produced with fewer experimental trials, and a patient compliant product with good stability was achieved with the concept of formulation by design.

Keywords: Miglitol, Acrylamide grafted ghatti gum, Poly vinyl alcohol, Interpenetrating polymer network, Microsphere.

ABSTRACT

The anthelmintic activity of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Foumban propolis and PROMAX-C was evaluated in vitro, on the nematode parasite of cattle Onchocerca ochengi. The objective of this study was to find an alternative of synthetic anthelmintic to fight human and animal onchocerciasis. Increasing concentrations of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of propolis and PROMAX-C were prepared in RPMI 1640 culture medium for O. ochengi incubation. Dimethylsulfoxide of 0.5 % concentration was the negative control and the positive control was ivermectin. The anthelmintic activity was assessed every 24 and 48 hours and expressed as mortality rate. Acute oral toxicity was assessed in Mus musculus for 14 days and subacute toxicity was assessed in males and females of Ratus norvegicus for 28 days. Quantification of polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids was performed with a spectrophotometer using gallic acid and rutin as standards. The LC₅₀ value was 52.50 ± 0.04 µg/mL for PROMAX-C, while those of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were 75.50 ± 0.92 and 261.44 ± 18.98 µg/mL, respectively after 48 hours. The test with ivermectin showed a high efficacy on O. ochengi nematodes with a LC₅₀ value of 100.05 ± 0.35 µg/mL. The ethanolic extract of propolis did not show signs of toxicity on mice. During subacute toxicity, the relative organ weights (kidney, liver, lung, spleen and heart) taken from the rats at the end of treatment did not change significantly. Biochemical showed a decrease in AST and ALT in both sexes at all doses. Thus, the consumption of propolis and PROMAX-C is recommended to fight against onchocerciasis.

Keywords: Onchocerca ochengi, anthelmintic, Foumban propolis, PROMAX-C, ivermectin.

ABSTRACT

A novel periodontal film for the treatment of periodontitis was developed by using herbal drug Quercetin, it is a plant flavanol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds and grains; capers and red onions. It has a bitter flavour and is used as an antimicrobial agent and effective against infecting microorganisms in the periodontal pocket. Calibration curves for Quercetin was developed in phosphate buffer P^H 6.6, FT-IR studies was performed, which revealed that no interaction between the selected drug and polymers. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to the identification of various physical properties and thermal transitions of drug and the polymeric materials. Periodontal films were prepared by solvent casting technique using Eutragit  and HPMC as polymers Dibutyl phthalate as plasticizers and PEG as surface active agent. The formulated periodontal films were evaluated for their folding endurance, percent moisture loss, surface pH, viscosity, thickness, uniformity of weight, content uniformity, and in-vitro release. Scanning electron microscopy was done to study the surface characteristics of the patch on placebo and optimized formulation F3 before dissolution and after dissolution. SEM analysis revealed that the drug was uniformly distributed in patch and drug was released by diffusion. Data of In-vitro release from the formulated periodontal films were fit to different equations and kinetic models to explain release kinetics. Kinetic models used were zero first-order equations and Higuchi models. The release mechanism was understood by fitting the data to Korsemeyer-Peppas model.

Keywords: Quercetin periodontal film, Periodontitis, Controlled release and Gingivitis.

ABSTRACT

Manihot esculenta leaves (Euphorbiaceae) are reputed to have hemostatic properties. Traditional medicine practitioners used the leaves to arrest bleeding in post-partum hemorrhage cases. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the aqueous extract of Manihot esculenta leaves (EAME) on blood coagulation in vivo. Twenty rats of both sexes were used in this experiment. Five groups of four rats (200 ± 5 g) received orally distilled water, phytomenadione (15 mg/kg b.w) and Manihot esculenta leaves extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w.) for four days and after this period, bleeding time was measured by tail hemorrhage model. Prothrombin time (PT) and platelet count were determined by coagulometer and hematological analyzer respectively. Antihemolytic activity was measured by the methods of 2, 2′-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced hemolysis. EAME at 1000 mg / kg b.w. induced a significant decrease of bleeding time from 421 ± 19, 5 s to 247, 5 ± 25, 6 s (p ? 0, 01, n = 4). The platelet count of a group of rat treated with EAME (1000 mg / kg b.w) was not affected. The application of EAME decreased PT in a concentration-dependent manner, but this decrease was not significant (p ? 0, 05, n = 4). EAME inhibited AAPH-induced hemolysis with IC₅₀ values of 0, 2. 10^-2 ± 0, 15 mg/ml. EAME exhibits hemostatic and antihemolytic effects. The hemostatic property of EAME in vivo justifies the use of Manihot esculenta leaves in the treatment of post-partum hemorrhage cases.

Keywords: Manihot esculenta, Hemostatic, Antihemolytic, Bleeding time, platelet.

ABSTRACT

Argyria defined the different cosmetic alteration that can develop if enough silver particle deposit in specific tissue, typically in the skin its ranging localized dark-blue mucules to generalized slate gray/bluish tinge systemic absorption. In these work aim is fully review the state of the art regarding etiology, epidermiology, pathophysiology, histology, sign and symptoms, evaluation, treatment and differential diagnosis of argyria. Argyria has been diagnosed in wide range ages and sexes and varied ethicities.

Keywords: Argyria, pigmentation, silver, discoloration.

ABSTRACT

Hypertension (HT) is a very common disorder, particularly for past middle age. It is not a disease in itself, but is an important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. For improved treatment of hypertension, Telmisartan and Benidipine HCl is the newer combination in market, this combination was developed to improve medication for Stage II hypertension. The aim of this review is to focus on comprehensive update of different analytical methods used for estimation of anti-hypertensive drugs like Telmisartan and Benidipine HCl for the treatment of hypertension. This review delivers a detail description on different analytical methods like UV and RP-HPLC for Telmisartan and Benidipine HCl individually and combination with other drugs. For this review, data searches were conducted by scientific papers in the literature as well as in official compendium. All reported methods are found to be simple, accurate, economic, precise and reproducible in nature.

Keywords: Hypertension, Benidipine HCl, Telmisartan, Analytical Methods, UV- Spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC.

ABSTRACT

Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are known to have highly fragmented sleep, with a disturbed circadian pattern, shortened overnight sleep hours, drastically enhanced stages 1 and 2 sleep and limited or non-existent deep sleep. In order to maintain patients' biological circadian rhythms, sleep should be prioritised during the day and night. Thus, to minimize the impact of sleep interruptions and exhaustion in ICU patients, a comprehensive strategy that includes assessment of sleep problems and lethargy, environmental controls, appropriate pharmaceutical management, and educational and psychological interventions is required. This review article focuses on the impact, causes, risk factors and management of sleep deprivation along with interventions to promote the sleep quality.

Keywords: Sleep impairment, intensive care unit, polysomnography, nocturnal awakening.

ABSTRACT

In the pharmaceutical industry the course is designed to give you the skills that have taken many experienced The New Drug Application (NDA) is an application submitted to U.S.FDA for permission to market a new drug product in the United States. The New Drug Application (NDA) is an application submitted to U.S.FDA for permission to market a new drug product in the United States. The components of any NDA are a function of the nature of the subject drug and the information available to the applicant at the time of submission. The form to use for either NDA or ANDA is Form FDA-356h, Application to Market a New Drug for Human Use or as an Antibiotic Drug for Human Use. The international regulatory authorities under consideration are WHO, USFDA, MHRA, and Australian TGA. The standard institutions give the economical background for development and transferring technologies, ISI, ISO, BISS and ASTM. To legally gather this data on safety and effectiveness in the U.S., the maker must first obtain an Investigational New Drug (IND) designation from FDA.

Keywords: Regulatory authority, ANDA, NDA, IND.

ABSTRACT

Oral route has been considered as most convenient route but restricted to only hydrophilic compounds having GI stability and greater dissolution. The delivery of lipophilic compounds has been area of interest since most of the drugs under discovery shows limited bioavailability. Self-emulsifying delivery systems (SMEDDS) has drawn a greater attention in the formulation of poorly soluble compounds where increase in the absorption and permeation of the drug has observed. The self-emulsification which occurs in the case of SMEDDS has shown a potential advantage over conventional emulsion due to the fine globules formed upon dilution. The recent trends such as dry emulsion, s-SMEDDS, SNEDDS thoroughly investigated. This article, attempts to present the overview of the SMEDDS along with its formulation, application and characterization.

Keywords: Microemulsion, Self-emulsification, Surfactants, Bioavailability

ABSTRACT

Nasal drug delivery system offers way of drug delivery of both topical and systemic therapies. The high permeability, high vasculature and low enzymatic environment of nasal cavity are well suitable for systemic delivery of drug molecules via nose. The despite of all the advantages of nasal drug delivery, the bioavailability of nasally administered products, especially for protein and peptide molecules, is affected by many barriers such as physiological barriers, physicochemical barriers, and formulation barriers. This review will focus on the various bioavailability barriers in nasal drug delivery and the strategies to improve the bioavailability of nasal dosage form

Keywords: Barrier, Nasal Delivery, Bioavailability

ABSTRACT

Clopidogrel is an orally administered medicine that lowers the risk of heart disease. The production process is defined by drug quality, and every pharmaceutical business aims for it, although it is often difficult to attain. The purpose of this study was to look at the quality control parameters of several commercially available Clopidogrel tablets. Four distinct marketed brands of Clopidogrel 75 mg tablets available in the Mangalore market were collected from different pharmacies in Mangalore city to examine the quality. Weight variation, hardness, thickness, and friability, among other quality indicators, were determined according to established protocols. Then there was the in-vitro dissolution test, potency, and disintegration time. All of the brands met the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia since they had a weight fluctuation range that was acceptable. All brands were less than 1% friable, and there were no significant differences in disintegration times, since they all dissolved within 15 minutes. In terms of dissolution profile, all brands had an acceptable dissolving time, releasing more than 60% of the drug in less than 45 minutes. All brands’ hardness fell inside the range. All of the brands also meet the potency requirements. This investigation found that the majority of commercially available Clopidogrel pills in Mangalore are of good quality and meet pharmacopoeia requirements.

Keywords: Clopidogrel, Physicochemical, Dissolution profile, Potency

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a simple and efficient method for the analysis of Ambrisentan in pharmaceutical dosage forms by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. A stainless steel column 150 mm long, 4.6 mm internal diameter filled with octasilyl silica chemically bonded with silica gel particles of 5 mm diameter was used for elution. The retention time of Ambrisentan was 4.451 min. The method showed a good linearity in the concentration range of 12.5-250 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 1.000. The validation characteristics included specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, robustness and stability. Validation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. The method could be successfully used for the analysis of Ambrisentan in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Keywords: Ambrisentan, Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, Mobile Phase and Validation

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to develop and validate a precise method for UV-Vis spectrophotometric and Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) for determination of Octenidine dihydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical preparation. According to the relevant experiment the maximum wavelength was found to be 285nm and it is used for further process of development of method and its validation. The developed methods used for quantitative estimation of Octenidine dihydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparation and bulk drug which shows the satisfactory results as per ICH guidelines, so these developed and validated methods are found very simple, sensitive and rapid according to the ICH guideline and can be successfully applied to estimate the ODCL in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Keywords: ODCL, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC, Development, Validation.

ABSTRACT

Emerging antibiotic resistance is a major global public health challenge. At the same time, untreated infections are one of the main causes of surgical mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Surgical site infections are most common type of infections among worldwide. Almost 30-50% of antimicrobials are used as prophylaxis in hospital care setting.  However, between 40-90% of this prophylaxis is inappropriate because the antimicrobials were given at wrong time or given for long time. Choosing antimicrobials for prophylaxis is based on some factors, antimicrobial regimen, dose, route, time of administration. The right time for administration of prophylaxis dose is within 30-60 minutes before surgical incision. This is the most appropriate time for most of the preoperative surgical cases. Surgical prophylaxis is an effective treatment approach for minimizing post-surgical infections. Moreover, Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be restricted to specific, proper indications to avoid unnecessary medical expenses, side effects, and antimicrobial resistance.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance, Choice of Antimicrobials, Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis, Surgical Site Infections, Timing of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis.